石羊河流域降水化学特征时空变化及来源浅析

运用相关分析、因子分析、富集因子和HYSPLIT模型对石羊河流域从2013年7月到2014年7月连续收集降水样品的主要离子浓度特征及来源进行了探讨分析,结果表明,Ca~(2+)和Na~+是主要的阳离子,SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-是主要的阴离子,石羊河流域的主要降水类型为SO_4~(2-)-NO_3~--Ca~(2+);石羊河流域的总离子浓度的季节大小变化顺序为冬季春季秋季夏季,石羊河流域的降水水化学主要受地壳源和人为源的影响;石羊河流域的降水类型分为季风降水、西风降水和混合降水,而混合降水是石羊河流域的主要降水类型,其次为西风降水,最后为季风降水。     

大连湾和大窑湾表层沉积物病毒分布特点

为了揭示近岸沉积物环境中的病毒-细菌关系,以及探讨病毒对污染环境的响应,本研究利用SYBR Green I染色计数法,分别对2012年5月(春季)、8月(夏季)和11月(秋季)大连湾和大窑湾表层沉积物中的病毒和细菌丰度进行了检测。结果表明:大连湾表层沉积物病毒丰度的季节变化表现为夏季春季秋季,最高值1.59108VLP/g(湿重)出现在夏季;最小值1.53106VLP/g出现在春季。平面分布春季为湾中 湾顶 湾口,夏季和秋季分布特点为湾中 湾口 湾顶。病毒和细菌有显著相关性(R2=0.80,n=20)。而大窑湾表层沉积物病毒丰度的季节变化则变现为夏季秋季春季,最高值7.08107VLP/g出现在夏季,最小值1.16106VLP/g出现在春季。大窑湾区域分为湾内和湾外,3个季节的平面分布均表现为湾外湾内。病毒和细菌的关联性较大连湾差(R2=0.50,n=12)。大连湾及大窑湾表层沉积物病毒与细菌之比分别为4.12和4.09。两个海湾沉积物病毒分布有所差异,可能与沉积物环境有关系,有待进一步研究。     

辽河口春、夏季浮游动物空间生态位的比较

春、夏季开展了辽河口周边海域浮游动物优势种的空间生态位研究,运用Levins公式和Petrailis指数测定了优势种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠程度,通过典范对应分析（CCA）研究了浮游动物生态位分化与环境因子的关系。结果表明,辽河口浮游动物优势种（类）季节演替明显,从春季到夏季优势种（类）的更替率为77.8%;优势种（类）的生态位宽度B_i变化范围为0.08~0.71,可分为广生态位（B_i>0.60）、中生态位（B_i=0.30~0.60）和窄生态位（B_i < 0.30）三大类型。广生态位的代表种有小拟哲水蚤和太平洋纺锤水蚤等,中生态位的代表种包括双毛纺锤水蚤和强额拟哲水蚤等,窄生态位的代表种有火腿伪镖水蚤和拟长腹剑水蚤等;生态位宽度相近的优势种（类）,其生态位重叠指数较高。CCA分析的结果表明,春、夏季影响浮游动物分布的主要因子均为盐度和DO。     

Cultivation of Biogranules in a Continuous Flow Reactor at Low Dissolved Oxygen

This study investigated sludge granulation inoculated with various mixtures of aerobic and anaerobic sludge at low dissolved oxygen (DO; 0.3–0.6 mg/l) or aerobic (>2.5 mg/l) conditions in four parallel flow reactor systems. Formation of high-density coupled granules was achieved in the reactor system inoculated with anaerobic and aerobic sludge seeds (1:1 mass ratio) at low DO concentrations, with a mean size of 2.5 mm after only 27 days of cultivation. The highest ratio of protein (PN) to polysaccharide (PS; 3.3) was observed for the coupled sludge compared to granules cultivated under aerobic conditions. The PN/PS ratio correlated well with high hydrophobicity, low sludge volumetric index, and compact granular structure. Activity tests of the specific anaerobic and aerobic biomass confirmed that anaerobes and aerobes coexisted in the same coupled granule. Based on the optical microscopic and SEM observations, the process of coupled granule formation was proposed.     

Male takeover,infanticide, and female countertactics in white-headed leaf monkeys (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Trachypithecus leucocephalus</Emphasis>)

Infanticide by males is common in mammalian species such as primates in which lactation lasts much longer than gestation. It frequently occurs in one-male groups following male takeovers and is likely a male reproductive strategy. Reported female countertactics include abrupt weaning of infants, dispersal, or paternity confusion. Here, we estimated costs of female countertactics in terms of weaning ages and interbirth intervals. We observed a population of white-headed leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) in Nongguan Nature Reserve, China (1995–2006) mainly composed of one-male groups. Takeovers (N = 11) coincided with the peak conception period. Detailed data are presented for five takeovers (34 females, 29 infants, and 47 group-years) leading to six infant disappearances (42.9% of infant mortality). All presumed infanticides were in accordance with the sexual selection hypothesis. Following a takeover, females without infants or with old infants stayed with the new males, incurring no or low costs (via abrupt weaning). Females with young infants dispersing with the old males also experienced low costs. High costs (due to infant loss) were incurred by pregnant females and those with young infants who stayed with the new males indicating that paternity was not confused. Costs in terms of long interbirth intervals were also high for females leaving with the old males to later join the new males, despite infant survival. Female countertactics reflected female philopatry mediated by infant age. Presumably due to the seasonal timing of takeovers, most countertactics seemed successful given that 32.3% of females apparently incurred no costs and 41.2% incurred only low costs.     

Human and organizational factors in Chinese hazardous chemical accidents: a case study of the ‘8.12’ Tianjin Port fire and explosion using the HFACS-HC

Human and organizational factors have been proven to be the prime causes of Chinese hazardous chemical accidents (HCAs). A modified version of the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), namely the HFACS-Hazardous Chemicals (HC), was developed to identify the human factors involved in Chinese HCAs. The ‘8.12’ Tianjin Port fire and explosion, the costliest HCA in recent years, was reanalyzed using this framework, and the results were compared with the official accident inquiry report to determine their differences related to the identification of human and organizational factors. The study revealed that interacting human factors from different levels in Ruihai Company led to this catastrophe, and the inquiry report had limitations in the identification of human factors and the guidance for similar accident prevention. This study showed the applicability of the HFACS-HC in HCA analyses as well as the necessity to recommend this approach for future HCA investigations.     

互联网+数字化转型在特种设备检验与管理中的实践及思考

以本单位数字化实践为基础,本文论述了互联网+数字化转型在特种设备检验申请、计费缴费、现场检验、意见反馈利用、报告出具、客户领取报告等全流程的实现方式及数字化在检验质量管理中的智能化应用,并就更好地实现特种设备领域数字化转型提出了几点思考。     

Effectiveness of protected areas for vertebrates based on taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity

Establishing protected areas is the primary goal and tool for preventing irreversible biodiversity loss. However, the effectiveness of protected areas that target specific species has been questioned for some time because targeting key species for conservation may impair the integral regional pool of species diversity and phylogenetic and functional diversity are seldom considered. We assessed the efficacy of protected areas in China for the conservation of phylogenetic diversity based on the ranges and phylogenies of 2279 terrestrial vertebrates. Phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity were strongly and positively correlated, and only 12.1–43.8% of priority conservation areas are currently protected. However, the patterns and coverage of phylogenetic diversity were affected when weighted by species richness. These results indicated that in China, protected areas targeting high species richness protected phylogenetic diversity well overall but failed to do so in some regions with more unique or threatened communities (e.g., coastal areas of eastern China, where severely threatened avian communities were less protected). Our results suggest that the current distribution of protected areas could be improved, although most protected areas protect both taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity.     

Bioaccumulation,subcellular, and molecular localization and damage to physiology and ultrastructure in Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) O. Kuntze exposed to yttrium

Bioaccumulation, subcellular distribution, and acute toxicity of yttrium (Y) were evaluated in Nymphoides peltata. The effects of Y concentrations of 1–5 mg L^?1 applied for 4 days were assessed by measuring changes in photosynthetic pigments, nutrient contents, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and ultrastructure. The accumulation of Y in subcellular fractions decreased in the order of cell wall > organelle > soluble fraction. Much more Y was located in cellulose and pectin than in other biomacromolecules. The content of some mineral elements (Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Mo) increased in N. peltata, but there was an opposite effect for P and K. Meanwhile, ascorbate, and catalase activity decreased significantly for all Y concentrations. In contrast, peroxidase activity was induced, while initial rises in superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione content were followed by subsequent declines. Morphological symptoms of senescence, such as chlorosis and damage to chloroplasts and mitochondria, were observed even at the lowest Y concentration. Pigment content decreased as the Y concentration rose and the calculated EC₅₀ and MPC of Y for N. peltata were 2 and 0.2 mg L^?1 after 4 days of exposure, respectively. The results showed that exogenous Y was highly available in water and that its high concentration in water bodies might produce harmful effects on aquatic organisms. N. peltata is proposed as a biomonitor for the assessment of metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems.