Evaluating heavy metal contamination of riverine sediment cores in different land-use areas

• Metal pollution was studied in riverine sediments from different land-use areas. • Cd was the most serious heavy metal contaminant in riverine sediment cores. • Riverine sediment cores from industrial area were most polluted by heavy metals. • B1 fraction determined metal pollution, risk and toxicity in riverine sediments. Anthropogenic activities are regarded as the main sources of heavy metal pollution, yet few studies have investigated the effects of land-use setting on heavy metal accumulation in riverine sediments. Based on both total contents and geochemical fractions, heavy metal pollution, risk and toxicity were determined in riverine sediment cores from different land-use areas (mountain area- MA, farm area- FA, city area- CA, and industrial area- IA) of the Yang River Basin in North China. The results showed that FA had higher contents of riverine sedimentary Cu; CA had higher contents of Cd; IA had higher contents of both Cd and Zn. Most riverine sediments from FA and IA were contaminated with the investigated metals, although these concentrations were evaluated to have low potential ecological risk and no toxicity to benthic organisms. However, a high proportion of Cd in the B1 fraction of riverine sediments in IA indicating high risk should receive more attention. The B1 fraction largely determined the contamination, risk and toxicity levels associated with heavy metals in the riverine sediments of the Yang River Basin.     

2001~2017年中国建设用地时空分异特征

在快速城市化进程中，我国建设用地急剧扩张，分析建设用地在时间和空间上的变化规律及其原因，对促进我国土地资源的可持续利用具有重要指导意义。基于2001、2006、2011、2017年四期MODIS Land Cover（MCD12Q1）产品数据，结合经济数据和地貌类型数据，研究中国不同经济区和不同地貌类型区的建设用地扩张的时空变化特征，结果表明：（1）全国建设用地在2001~2006、2006~2011、2011~2017年3时期扩张强度逐渐变弱，扩张速度逐渐变慢。（2）2001~2017年建设用地扩张主要发生在东部地区，该地区扩张强度最强、扩张速度最快。3时期内东部地区建设用地扩张强度逐渐变弱，扩张速度逐渐变慢；中部地区扩张强度逐渐变强，扩张速度逐渐变快；西部地区扩张强度先变弱后趋于稳定，扩张速度逐渐变慢；东北地区扩张强度先变弱后趋于稳定，扩张速度先变快后变慢。（3）2001~2017年建设用地扩张主要发生在平原地区，扩张强度最强，丘陵地区扩张速度最快；平原地区建设用地扩张强度逐渐变弱，扩张速度逐渐变慢；丘陵地区扩张强度先变弱后变强，扩张速度先变慢后变快；山地地区扩张强度逐渐变强，扩张速度先变快后变慢；高原地区扩张强度逐渐变强，扩张速度逐渐变快。从研究结果可知，不同经济区建设用地扩张强度和速度具有差异性，主要受不同时期国家相应的区域政策影响；不同地貌类型对建设用地扩张的时空特征也会产生影响。     

民用燃煤不同燃烧阶段细颗粒物排放特征

研究了民用燃煤在不同燃烧阶段排放PM_2.5的质量浓度分布特征.结果表明,散煤与正烧炉在旺火阶段排放颗粒物粒径主要集中在0.2μm以下（d₅₀=0.15μm）,加煤和封火阶段在0.2~0.5μm （d₅₀=0.38mm）,质量占比46.6%~68.97%.型煤与正烧炉在各阶段排放的颗粒物均以0.2μm以下颗粒物为主,质量占比44.64%~56.24%.扫描电镜（SEM）观察到燃煤排放PM_2.5为大量超细颗粒物聚集形成的簇团状结构.用碳平衡法计算得到散煤加煤阶段的PM_2.5排放因子为4.72g/kg,分别是旺火和封火阶段的12和11倍.将散煤更换为型煤,能够使得加煤阶段的PM_2.5排放因子减少90.9%,从而显著降低PM_2.5排放.     

Heterogenous impacts of components in urban energy metabolism: evidences from gravity model

Environment, Development and Sustainability - The undergoing rapid urbanization is bringing dramatic economic development and social improvement for cities, but also a series of problems associated...     

二氧化氯对不同微生物的灭活特性及其对群落结构特征的影响

二氧化氯是一种性能优良、应用广泛的消毒剂,可通过破坏细胞或病毒的组成结构、阻碍细胞代谢等方式实现微生物灭活。在自配水条件下,以二氧化氯投加量×消毒时间计算,二氧化氯剂量在15（mg·min）/L时,可实现对常见病毒（包括肠病毒71型、大肠杆菌噬菌体MS2等）3 log以上灭活率,在60（mg·min）/L时,可实现对常见细菌（包括大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等）1.5 log以上灭活率,但灭活隐孢子虫卵则需要更高的剂量（如1.9 log灭活率可能需约600（mg·min）/L剂量）;在实际污水厂进水中,30（mg·min）/L二氧化氯剂量只能分别实现0.8 log和0.5 log的大肠杆菌和总大肠菌群灭活率。二氧化氯消毒效果随温度升高显著提升,对于不同微生物,pH的变化对二氧化氯消毒效果的影响可能存在不同,而水中的有机物通常会因消耗二氧化氯而降低消毒效果,但在自然水体中也存在由于天然有机物可能的影响导致消毒效果优于自配水的情况。关于二氧化氯消毒后细菌群落结构的变化研究不多,仅有少量研究涉及市政污水、再生水、饮用水等。二氧化氯消毒一定时间后,悬浮态和生物膜上的微生物均可能出现再生长现象,但再生长过程中这些残生细菌的群落结构变化及其生长分泌特性仍有待研究。     

Restoration of the Marine Ecological Environment Along the Charting Coast: Primary Productivity and Biomass Study

Since 1986, when green oysters occurred due to the copper and organic pollution in the Charting coastal area, the government banned all maricultural activity. It has been claimed that growing algae in a polluted environment may clean the water of pollutants and restore the marine ecosystem. to test this hypothesis, in the Charting coastal area a three-year programme (from August 1992 to July 1995) was carried out. the survey programme included environmental components such as salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand (BOD), particulate organic carbon (POC), heavy metals and ecological indicators such as nutrients, chlorophyll-a, primary productivity. in the first year study, the environmental background data collected was used to select the suitable season and locations for growing large algae transferred from the laboratory to the field study area. Since September 1993, various species of large algae have been cultured. Although some of the growing algae were damaged by a typhoon in August 1994, the impact of the growing algae on the environmental conditions in the area has been monitored throughout. Elsewhere, we have reported that in the algae growing area higher dissolved oxygen with lower values of BOD and POC were found, and the concentrations of heavy metals in both water and sediments decreased. the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the possible impact of growing large algae on the ecological conditions in Charting coastal waters through the period from August 1983 to May 1995. As a result of the positive results obtained, large amounts of algae have again been cultured in the same area during the period from April 29 to May 25, 1995. We expect that inorganic and organic pollutants will be reduced by the algal growth, oyster mariculture will be restored and finally, the fishery resources potential will be increased.     

磷锌配施对镉污染石灰性土壤中磷锌镉有效性的影响

为了阐述磷与锌镉在土壤系统中的作用机制,采用室内培养的方法,研究了石灰性褐土在不同镉质量分数处理下磷锌配施对土壤DTPA-Cd、DTPA-Zn及速效磷质量分数的影响.结果表明,土壤中wDTPA-Cd随外加镉质量分数的增加而增加,随施磷质量分数的增加而降低.同时在相同镉质量分数处理下,配施锌能显著降低土壤wDTPA-Cd;土壤中wDTPA-Zn随外加锌质量分数的增加而增加,且随施磷质量分数的增加而增加,而随土壤中添加镉质量分数的增加显著降低;土壤速效磷的质量分数随施磷质量分数的增加而提高,而镉的加入降低了土壤速效磷质量分数,但配施锌能显著提高土壤速效磷质量分数.     

Trace metals in different species of mollusca, water and sediments from Taiwan coastal area

Since October 1994, a long-term program of Asia/Pacific Mussel Watch: Taiwan Regional Studies has been carried out. The results indicate that trace metal contents in mollusca varied among 30 different species and the environments (water and sediments) along the Taiwan coast. The orders of bioaccumulation of trace metals in mollusca were: Cu (over 200 microg/g), Thais clavigera > Isognomon legumen > Clibanarius rivescens > Crassostrea gigas; Zn (over 700 microg/g), Moruta granulata > C. gigas > Asiatica cypraea arabica > T. clavigera; Cd (over 5 microg/g), Trochus hanleyanus > Acanthopleura japonica > Nerita albicilla > Patella flexuosa; Pb (over 2 microg/g), P. flexuosa > C. gigas > T. hanleyanus > T. clavigera > C. gigas > Capiyulum mitella; Ni (over 10 microg/g), Meretrix lusoria > Philine sp. > Littoraria scabra > Tridacna squamosa > T. hanleyanus; Cr (over 30 microg/g), Littoraria undulata > T. hanleyanus > N. albicilla > Nerita chamaelor > M. granulata; As (over 20 microg/g), Perna viridis > L. scabra; and Sn (over 5 microg/g), P. viridis > L. undulata> C. mitella> C. gigas. Their seasonal and regional variations as well as their correlation are evaluated and discussed.     

The Reuse of Urban and Industrial Waste in Tai-Lin-Pu Reclamation Project, Taiwan

This study introduces the principles of KMG's (Kaoshiung Municipal Government) dealing with the non-poisonous urban and industrial waste through reclamation of shore land in reinforcing a sense of coastal protection and land development in Tai-Lin-Pu coastal area, southern Taiwan.

Through a series of experimental studies, we found that substitutes of coarse aggregate with a broad spectrum of integrating slag powder, fly ash, and cementitious material can be obtained with a benefit up to 80% saving of cement. the integrated aggregates from the non-poisonous industrial wastes were subsequently made into armour units and used in the field tests at Tai-Lin-Pu coastal area, where the shorelines are seriously eroded. After being subjected to several severe typhoon advents, the results showed that the waste-made units used as the protection breakwater, together with construction wastes and excavated soil as the filling material, prove to be an effective practice in utilizing recycled urban waste to reclaim erosive shore lands. Moreover, this study also demonstrates that through detailed analysis of the waste characteristics, scrap material could be turned into valuable construction aggregates, and highlights the value of non-poisonous urban and industrial waste as a alternative resource for the shore protection engineering.     

柠条的营养成分动态变化分析

试验结果表明,柠条锦鸡儿叶片中的粗脂肪、粗蛋白、钙磷含量最高,其次为花,最差的是枝条,叶片中的粗纤维含量较低,是家畜优质的饲料。中间锦鸡儿种子中的粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量也很高。柠条的粗蛋白、吸附水以及磷的含量基本上以5月初为最高,从7月底到10月初呈下降趋势;粗纤维、粗灰分、钙、无氮浸出物含量从5月初到10月初逐渐增加。2年生柠条样品的粗脂肪含量10月初达到最高,而多年生柠条样品的粗脂肪含量则5月初为最高。随着生长年限的延长,粗蛋白、粗脂肪、无氮浸出物、吸附水、钙磷含量逐年下降,而粗纤维、粗灰分含量逐年增加,适口性下降。