Multiresidue analysis of organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides in duplicate-diet solid food by pressurized liquid extraction

An analytical method was developed for determining organophosphate pesticides (OPP) and pyrethroid pesticides (PYR) in duplicate-diet solid food. The method consisted of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with dichloromethane followed by cleanup with gel permeation and solid phase extraction columns and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Quantitative recoveries (73–117 %) of the target pesticides were obtained for spiked duplicate-diet food samples. The percent standard deviation (% RSD) of replicate food samples was within ± 20 %. Another method was developed for determining a common OPP metabolite, 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) in duplicate-diet food. The method consisted of a PLE with methanol followed by liquid-liquid partitioning, derivatization, and GC/MS analysis. Recoveries of TCP ranged from 83 to 101 % for spiked duplicate-diet food samples. The % RSD of replicate food samples was within ± 15 %. The results confirmed that these methods are reliable and robust, and that they can be used in routine analysis. In addition, a storage stability study for a common OPP, chlorpyrifos (CPF), in solid food samples was performed. The fortified ¹⁵N-¹³C-labeled CPF was stable over 16 mo storage at ?20° C in the dark. The developed analytical methods were successfully applied to 278 duplicate-diet food samples from preschool children, demonstrating that these methods are robust and suitable for routine analysis in future exposure monitoring studies.     

Effect of the milling solution on lead stabilization in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash during the milling processes

The wet milling process had been found to effectively stabilize lead in fly ash. This study adopts this method and looks at the effect of different milling solutions to improve the efficiency of lead stabilization. Different milling solutions (water, phosphoric acid and ethanol) and different milling times (1, 24, 48 and 96 h) were selected as parameters. Since lead oxide can be identified by XRD in this experiment’s samples, 5% lead oxide was added to the extracted mixed fly ash to make instrumental analysis easier. The experimental results indicate that the effect of stabilization of lead after milling could exceed 96%. During milling with water, considerable lead leached into the water in the initial stage (1 h) of the process, but a stable level was reached as the milling time increased. After milling with ethanol and 0.2 M phosphoric acids, the efficiency could exceed 93% after 1 h of milling time. The results of the sequential extraction procedure (SEP) results show that the residual fraction could be increased from 8.93% to 56.16% when a 0.2 M phosphoric acid solution was used. Clearly the choice of an appropriate milling solution can enhance lead stabilization in the fly ash.     

Using nighttime light data to estimate water evaporation inside buildings in China's urban areas

Urbanization has a great impact on urban evapotranspiration. Water evaporation inside buildings is an important part of urban water vapor resources and a crucial core of urban hydrological processes. The systematic studies on building water evaporation (BWE) are mostly the method of experimental monitoring. This study proposed a new method to simulate and estimate water evaporation flux inside buildings in urban areas. Based on the nighttime light data and urban per capita gross domestic product (GDP), a new modeling system was built to simulate the total BWE. Building area was calculated using the nighttime light data. And the BWE coefficient D_f was estimated according to the important indicator of economic development per capita GDP value. Then the water evaporation inside urban buildings and the spatial distribution of water evaporation inside buildings in typical cities could be obtained. The results showed that the total amount of water evaporation inside buildings in China's urban areas was 24.5 billion m³. Among the 31 provincial capitals in China, Shanghai had the largest BWE of 1.08 billion m³. The minimum water evaporation of buildings in Lhasa was 20.0 million m³. Studies of BWE can assess urban water budgets, support on-demand allocation of water resources, and provide a fundamental understanding of the relationship between water resources and energy heat island effects in urban areas.     

矿用改性水泥基封孔材料的抗冲击性能试验

为了解决矿用水泥基封孔材料的抗冲击性问题,利用DTM-1000落锤冲击试验机研究不同掺量聚丙烯纤维对水泥基封孔材料抗冲击性能的影响,试验更接近于工程实际。在试验基础上初步探讨纤维素对水泥基材料的抗冲击性能提升的机理,为了进一步提高水泥基封孔材料的抗冲击性,利用试验研究不同玻璃纤维和聚丙烯纤维的混合比例对封孔材料抗冲击性的影响。最终得出当聚丙烯纤维和玻璃纤维混合比在1.5∶1为最佳提高水泥基材料的抗冲击性的比例。矿用改性水泥基封孔材料的抗冲击性能试验对提高水泥基封孔材料的抗冲击性能研究具有重要的参考意义。     

Evaluating heavy metal contamination of riverine sediment cores in different land-use areas

• Metal pollution was studied in riverine sediments from different land-use areas. • Cd was the most serious heavy metal contaminant in riverine sediment cores. • Riverine sediment cores from industrial area were most polluted by heavy metals. • B1 fraction determined metal pollution, risk and toxicity in riverine sediments. Anthropogenic activities are regarded as the main sources of heavy metal pollution, yet few studies have investigated the effects of land-use setting on heavy metal accumulation in riverine sediments. Based on both total contents and geochemical fractions, heavy metal pollution, risk and toxicity were determined in riverine sediment cores from different land-use areas (mountain area- MA, farm area- FA, city area- CA, and industrial area- IA) of the Yang River Basin in North China. The results showed that FA had higher contents of riverine sedimentary Cu; CA had higher contents of Cd; IA had higher contents of both Cd and Zn. Most riverine sediments from FA and IA were contaminated with the investigated metals, although these concentrations were evaluated to have low potential ecological risk and no toxicity to benthic organisms. However, a high proportion of Cd in the B1 fraction of riverine sediments in IA indicating high risk should receive more attention. The B1 fraction largely determined the contamination, risk and toxicity levels associated with heavy metals in the riverine sediments of the Yang River Basin.     

2001~2017年中国建设用地时空分异特征

在快速城市化进程中，我国建设用地急剧扩张，分析建设用地在时间和空间上的变化规律及其原因，对促进我国土地资源的可持续利用具有重要指导意义。基于2001、2006、2011、2017年四期MODIS Land Cover（MCD12Q1）产品数据，结合经济数据和地貌类型数据，研究中国不同经济区和不同地貌类型区的建设用地扩张的时空变化特征，结果表明：（1）全国建设用地在2001~2006、2006~2011、2011~2017年3时期扩张强度逐渐变弱，扩张速度逐渐变慢。（2）2001~2017年建设用地扩张主要发生在东部地区，该地区扩张强度最强、扩张速度最快。3时期内东部地区建设用地扩张强度逐渐变弱，扩张速度逐渐变慢；中部地区扩张强度逐渐变强，扩张速度逐渐变快；西部地区扩张强度先变弱后趋于稳定，扩张速度逐渐变慢；东北地区扩张强度先变弱后趋于稳定，扩张速度先变快后变慢。（3）2001~2017年建设用地扩张主要发生在平原地区，扩张强度最强，丘陵地区扩张速度最快；平原地区建设用地扩张强度逐渐变弱，扩张速度逐渐变慢；丘陵地区扩张强度先变弱后变强，扩张速度先变慢后变快；山地地区扩张强度逐渐变强，扩张速度先变快后变慢；高原地区扩张强度逐渐变强，扩张速度逐渐变快。从研究结果可知，不同经济区建设用地扩张强度和速度具有差异性，主要受不同时期国家相应的区域政策影响；不同地貌类型对建设用地扩张的时空特征也会产生影响。     

基于离散元的钢‑土界面往复剪切特性研究∗

架空直立式码头结构被越来越多的应用于现代化内河港口建设，码头中所使用的大直径钢护筒嵌岩桩与桩周回填土形成钢?土界面，在船舶系靠等重复荷载作用下，界面的往复剪切行为影响桩基的承载性能。使用颗粒流软件及离散元方法，通过改变接触面的运动方式模拟了钢?土界面往复剪切特性，研究了接触面类型、剪切频率和剪切振幅等对往复剪切特性和界面能量变化的影响。研究结果表明：试样的剪切区域面积、剪切应力分布受接触面类型及粗糙度影响较大；同种类型的接触面，法向应力越大剪切区域面积会随之增大，但剪切区域面积的增加存在上限；剪切应力的主要作用范围在接触面中部，作用范围随着法向应力的增大而增大，剪切效果是几种因素共同作用的结果；在往复剪切运动中，各界面接触面附近孔隙率随时间步长增大不断减小，部分接触面孔隙率呈周期性波动；剪切频率、振幅对接触面附近孔隙率影响不大；边界能中大部分转化为应变能，小部分转化为摩擦能并受界面类型、界面粗糙度等因素的影响。