土地利用方式和施肥管理对黑土物理性质的影响

为了探讨东北黑土区土壤水分的调控能力及其影响因素以及土壤水分对降水和不同植被覆盖的响应,以海伦农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站内的长期定位试验为基础,利用中子水分仪测定土壤体积含水量,研究裸地、休闲地以及包括单施有机肥、化肥+秸秆还田、单施化肥和不施肥4种处理的农田耕层土壤物理性质和土壤水分动态.结果表明:与休闲地相比,农田土壤容重增加7.47％,而孔隙度、饱和含水量和田间持水量均呈降低趋势,分别下降2.59、6.04和1.90百分点;肥料的施入尤其是施用有机肥和秸秆还田能够改善土壤物理性质;裸地土壤物理性质最差.由于植被耗水量较大,农田和休闲地土壤剖面年平均体积含水量显著低于裸地,施用化肥和秸秆还田可显著降低农田土壤剖面年平均体积含水量.各处理土壤剖面水分变异系数均随土壤深度的增加(0～70 cm深处)而呈先减小后增加趋势.由于植被生长的耗水作用,休闲地和农田土壤水分变化比裸地强烈,秸秆还田加剧了农田土壤水分的变异.土壤储水量的动态变化与降水量之间存在明显相关性,不同土地利用方式和施肥管理对浅层土壤储水量的影响较大,但随着土壤深度的增加,各处理对土壤储水量的影响越来越不明显.     

乙草胺、丁草胺和异丙甲草胺在室外天然水中的非生物降解及其影响因素

在亚热带冬、夏两季室外自然光照和温度条件下,研究了环境浓度下乙草胺、丁草胺和异丙甲草胺在河水和海水基底中的非生物降解(水解+光解)行为,并结合室内实验研究了非生物降解的影响因素.室外实验结果表明,冬季(气温12.30—26.98℃,平均17.47℃)乙草胺、丁草胺和异丙甲草胺在河水中的非生物降解半衰期(t1/2)为64—131 d、水解t1/2为105—346 d、光解t1/2为159—410 d,海水中非生物降解t1/2为89—193 d、水解t1/2为77—277 d、光解t1/2为417—630 d;夏季(气温20.77—30.37℃,平均27.22℃)3种目标农药在河水中非生物降解t1/2为4—20 d、水解t1/2为7—54 d、光解t1/2为7—32 d,海水中非生物降解t1/2为10—50 d、水解t1/2为23—67 d、光解t1/2为17—192 d.目标农药在海水中的残留持久性远高于河水;超纯水条件下,光解在目标农药的非生物降解中占主导地位;河水中的光解速率快于海水.室内实验发现,硝酸盐促进了3种目标农药的水解,同时对乙草胺和丁草胺的光解也起到促进作用;p H升高促进了异丙甲草胺的水解和光解速率,但是抑制了丁草胺的水解和乙草胺、丁草胺的光解;腐殖质添加浓度为10 mg·L-1和20 mg·L-1时促进了3种目标农药的水解,但在浓度达30 mg·L-1时则抑制了乙草胺的水解及异丙甲草胺的光解.总体而言,3种目标农药在实际水环境中的降解半衰期均较长,其降解机理和毒性效应值得进一步研究.     

Transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs)-associated protobiofilm: A neglected contributor to biofouling during membrane filtration

• Bacteria could easily and quickly attached onto TEP to form protobiofilms. • TEP-protobiofilm facilitate the transport of bacteria to membrane surface. • More significant flux decline was observed in the presence of TEP-protobiofilms. • Membrane fouling shows higher sensitivity to protobiofilm not to bacteria level. Transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs) are a class of transparent gel-like polysaccharides, which have been widely detected in almost every kind of feed water to membrane systems, including freshwater, seawater and wastewater. Although TEP have been thought to be related to the membrane fouling, little information is currently available for their influential mechanisms and the pertinence to biofouling development. The present study, thus, aims to explore the impact of TEPs on biofouling development during ultrafiltration. TEP samples were inoculated with bacteria for several hours before filtration and the formation of “protobiofilm” (pre-colonized TEP by bacteria) was examined and its influence on biofouling was determined. It was observed that the bacteria can easily and quickly attach onto TEPs and form protobiofilms. Ultrafiltration experiments further revealed that TEP-protobiofilms served as carriers which facilitated and accelerated transport of bacteria to membrane surface, leading to rapid development of biofouling on the ultrafiltration membrane surfaces. Moreover, compared to the feed water containing independent bacteria and TEPs, more flux decline was observed with TEP-protobiofilms. Consequently, it appeared from this study that TEP-protobiofilms play a vital role in the development of membrane biofouling, but unfortunately, this phenomenon has been often overlooked in the literature. Obviously, these findings in turn may also challenge the current understanding of organic fouling and biofouling as membrane fouling caused by TEP-protobiofilm is a combination of both. It is expected that this study might promote further research in general membrane fouling mechanisms and the development of an effective mitigation strategy.     

污泥吸附剂对3种染料吸附动力学的研究

以污水厂脱水污泥、锯末和焦油的混合物为原料,选择ZnCl₂为活化剂制备出过渡孔发达、强度大的污泥吸附剂（S-AC）。借助BET、FT-IR等现代分析测试方法对污泥吸附剂进行表征,同时,研究了吸附剂对酸性大红、中性红和碱性品红吸附动力学行为。结果表明,制得的污泥吸附剂BET比表面积为358 m²/g,强度大于89%。吸附剂的动力学数据均符合伪二阶动力学方程、液膜扩散方程和颗粒内扩散方程,其中液膜扩散为吸附剂对酸性大红吸附过程的主控步骤,颗粒内扩散为吸附剂对中性红和碱性品红吸附过程的主控步骤。     

潜流人工湿地水力学特性及工程设计

以净化低污染水体的潜流人工湿地水力学特性工程设计为重点,系统开展了室内外实验研究,并利用Peelet数分析了水平潜流人工湿地碎石床渗流返混程度。结果表明,潜流人工湿地集水花管孔口出流计算、基质填料内渗流计算、碎石床平均水力停留时间计算可分别借鉴薄壁孔口恒定淹没出流、线性或非线性渗流、活塞流理论;但受工程实际条件及运行淤堵等影响,工程实测结果均小于理论计算值。基于室内外实验成果,提出一套包括集配水系统水力计算、填料内渗流计算、平均水力停留时间计算在内的潜流人工湿地水力学特性计算方法和参数选择,可为人工湿地技术的工程设计提供借鉴。     

竹炭-微生物联合法对沼液中氨氮的去除

采用竹炭-微生物联合法,考察了竹炭用量、菌液用量、进水氨氮浓度、pH、DO、HRT等因素对氨氮废水处理效果的影响;同时采用对比实验,初步探讨了竹炭-微生物联合法处理沼液的作用机理。结果表明,竹炭-微生物法去除沼液氨氮的最优条件推荐为:竹炭用量30 g/L,微生物活性液用量3%,pH 7.0～8.0,DO为2 mg/L,HRT为48 h。竹炭-微生物法对沼液氨氮的去除过程可用一级反应动力学模型C=272.56e-0.0148描述,其去除效果来源于竹炭吸附和生物降解的协同作用,协同程度为48.45%。     

土壤-纳滤系统处理再生水补充地下水的研究

为充分保障再生水回灌地下时的水质安全、提供高质量地下水资源,在土壤处理系统中嵌入纳滤技术强化对再生水的处理效果,并初步探讨土壤系统作为前处理对纳滤膜污染的控制机理.结果表明,未采用臭氧氧化预处理前,土壤处理对再生水DOC和UV254的平均去除率分别为22%和20%.臭氧氧化对UV254的平均去除率为51%,并将土壤对D...     

Occurrence, sources, and inventory of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in soils from Chongming Island, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD)

Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) is a concern due to their large usage combining with physico-chemical properties and toxicity to wildlife and human. However, very limited data were reported on HBCDs in soils, especially from rural area. In this study, 22 soil samples were collected from Chongming Island at estuary of the Yangtze River Delta, to investigate the level, diasteroisomer profile, potential sources, and mass inventory of HBCDs. The total concentrations ranged from not detected to 93.8 pg g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) with a mean of 23.3 pg g⁻¹ dw, which was at the low end of the global levels. The wide distribution of HBCDs in soils suggested that the local emissions of HBCD-containing materials and/or the inputs via atmospheric transport from other regions were two possible sources. Variation of HBCDs levels was observed in different types of soils. Woodland, tideland and road soils contained slightly higher HBCDs than those of farmland and grassland. Overall, γ-HBCD was the dominant diasteroisomer in soils, followed by α-HBCD and β-HBCD. Significant but weak correlations were only found between α-HBCD and β-HBCD versus TOC content in soils. Currently, the mass inventory of HBCDs in soils of Chongming Island was 5.3 kg. Based on these data, we gave perspective on human intake of HBCDs via soil ingestion by age. Local resident’s intakes ranged from 15.5 to 97.8 fg kg body weight⁻¹ d⁻¹, in which children are exposed more than adults.     

基于间隔偏最小二乘法短程硝化反硝化中无机盐氮的近红外光谱

采用序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)研究短程硝化反硝化系统中稳定条件下无机盐氮的变化规律,利用小波去噪法对无机盐氮的近红外光谱进行预处理,并用间隔偏最小二乘法(iPLS)建立无机盐氮含量的校正模型(iPLS模型).结果表明:小波去噪法对原始光谱中的部分噪声进行滤除,从而提高了模型的精度.采用最小二乘法对预处理后的光谱进行建模,优选出最佳波长区间并将光谱划分为20个子区间,优选出的氨氮特征波数为8243~8663cm-1,亚硝酸盐氮特征波数为4000~4420cm-1.所建模型对氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮校正时的相关系数(rc)分别达到0.9582、0.9544,校正均方根误差(RMSECV)分别为0.0321、0.0406;预测时的相关系数(rp)分别为0.9184、0.8816,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.0790、0.0451.采用实际污水为原水时校正模型对氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮预测的相关系数(rp￠)分别为0.9190、0.8739,预测均方根误差(RMSEP′)分别为0.0578、0.0229.模型对氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的预测总体效果较好.用小波去噪和最小二乘法建立模型不仅能有效减少建模所需变量数、缩短运算时间,而且模型预测精度较高,为无机盐氮的快速测定提供了一种可行的分析技术.     

一株石油降解赤红球菌(Rhodococcus rubber)特性及处理含油废水研究

从石油污染土壤筛选出一株高效石油降解菌JC-106,经细菌形态学、生理生化及16S r DNA序列分析鉴定为赤红球菌(Rhodococcus rubber).在温度15~40℃、初始p H 6~8、盐度0~4%条件下培养生长良好.该菌能利用十二烷、二十四烷、正辛烷、邻苯二酚、蒽、萘为唯一碳源生长.在较低温度下能有效降解原油,在15和35℃培养15 d对原油降解率分别为41.61%和58.18%,GC-MS分析发现原油组分中正构烷烃(C14~C44)降解率达到96.13%.在含1000 mg·L~(-1)原油的人工废水中加入2%(V/V)赤红球菌JC-106菌悬液,采用SBR间歇式活性污泥法处理含油废水,15 d后出水COD、NH_4+-N、TP平均去除率分别为96.49%、96.88%、99.15%,原油去除率为92.43%,对照组原油去除率仅为53.80%.JC-106在含油废水中稳定生长,数量维持在4.8×1010~1.0×1011cfu·mL~(-1)左右.