突发性跨界水污染事故环境风险源数据管理系统的建立

为了全面、准确、真实地展现跨界区域水污染事故环境风险源的分布和现状,并识别突发性跨界水污染事故风险源的风险等级,本文结合地理信息空间数据库技术,在数据管理系统功能框架与总体设计技术路线的指导下,建立了该风险源数据管理系统。结果显示,集合了Oracle属性数据库、ArcGIS空间数据库和识别指标模型的数据管理系统,实现了对跨界水污染事故风险源信息的可视化表征,并能对识别体系、对数据的需求进行及时响应,为风险源识别提供数据基础。     

高氯酸钠对斑马鱼胚胎的毒性效应

采用斑马鱼胚胎发育技术方法研究高氯酸钠对斑马鱼胚胎的急性毒性效应,配制一系列高氯酸钠的浓度,对受精1h的胚胎进行染毒暴露,最后对斑马鱼胚胎的心率,孵化率,死亡率,畸形率进行统计分析。研究结果显示,高氯酸钠(NaClO4)浓度的增加,斑马鱼胚胎的心率和孵化率降低、死亡率和畸形率增加。斑马鱼48hpf的胚胎心率高浓度组比对照组下降了35%;72 h的孵化率由对照组的88%降低到高浓度组的36%;144 h的死亡率由对照组的5%增加到72%;144 h的畸形率由对照组的2%增加到91%,主要畸形表现为心包囊肿(PE),脊柱弯曲(AM),鱼鳔缺失(SBD)等。结果表明,高浓度的高氯酸钠(NaClO4)对斑马鱼胚胎发育有明显的剂量效应作用。     

基于属性识别理论模型的城市大气环境质量评价——以镇江市2009年为例

通过阐述属性识别理论和变异系数,建立大气环境质量评价的属性识别理论模型,并参照国家大气环境质量标准(GB3095-1996),以镇江市环保局2009年提供的原始数据为对象,对镇江市大气环境质量进行空间上的综合评价。结果表明,镇江句容市的大气环境质量为Ⅰ级(清洁),市区、扬中市和丹阳市的大气环境质量为Ⅱ级(轻污染)。同时,属性识别理论模型计算较为简单,评价客观;结合对主要污染物平均浓度变异系数的分析,使区域间的比较更为清晰,更能反映出真实情况。     

The impact of risk tolerance,risk perception and hazardous attitude on safety operation among airline pilots in China

The present study integrates personality approach and social cognition approach to investigate the relationships between risk tolerance, risk perception, hazardous attitude and safety operation behavior in order to understand the mechanisms underlying pilots’ safety operation behavior in aviation. The study sample consisted of 118 commercial airline pilots from China Southern Airlines Ltd. The results show risk tolerance displays an indirect effect on safety operation behavior through influencing hazardous attitude; risk perception has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between risk tolerance and safety operation behavior. Based on the above, it can be concluded that the low risk tolerance primarily influences safety operation behavior indirectly through affecting hazardous attitude. With risk perception increasing, the negative effects of risk tolerance on safety operation behavior are gradually reduced. Practical implications for aviation safety campaigns are also discussed.     

大纵湖大型底栖动物群落结构与水质生物学评价

2013年1月中旬对大纵湖5个采样点的大型底栖动物进行调查,共采集底栖动物29种,其中DZ1的优势种为苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura sowerbyi);其他各点的优势种为长角涵螺(Alocinma longicornis)。采用理化分析、Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数、BPI指数对各点水质进行了综合评价。结果表明:DZ4属于β-中污染水质,其他各点属于α-中污染水质;对主要的环境因子与底栖动物密度进行相关性分析,发现DO与底栖动物群落未显著相关,NH3-N、NO-3-N、CODMn等因子更能代表水体的污染水平和营养状态,且随着营养状态的升高,耐污种类的颤蚓类数量呈现出增高趋势;寡毛类、蛭类、摇蚊幼虫、水生昆虫和软体动物5者之间除了寡毛类和蛭类存在极显著正相关性之外,其他无显著相关性。     

雾霾的预防和控制措施研究

雾霾的形成,主要是城市静风、大气逆温层以及大气中细颗粒物污染的综合效应。控制和预防雾霾,应该加强机动车的监控、鼓励清洁能源汽车的研发、生产和销售。大力发展城市公共交通、建设城市公共自行车网络,严格建筑扬尘的管理和对重点大气污染源的治理,实行联防联控和区域联动机制,环保部门要全面开展雾霾监测,会同气象部门,结合气象参数等各方面资料,建立健全雾霾的预警预报体系,同时倡导全民低碳出行的生产、生活理念以及加强环保的宣传教育,提高全民环保意识。     

Resource and Environmental Issues in Transitional China: A Perspective from the Interaction Among Market,Government and Society

Abstract

Along with the rapid growth of economy in the postreform period after 1979, China has faced severe problems of resource overusing and environmental degradation which would threaten the sustainable development of economy and society. This article explores an effective mechanism of managing resource and environment in China. It examines some major resource and environmental issues, and constructs a framework of institution innovation to cover three sectors (government, market and society). In addition, the article analyzes their experience and evaluation in resource management and environmental conservation during the transitional period. We argue that the combination of market regulation, government intervention and public participation is an effective way of allocating resource and protecting environment. Some suggestions are put forward to balance the relationship between them, including coordinating role of government and market, building platform for market operation and creating an atmosphere of public participation.     

Effects of ZnO nanoparticles on perfluorooctane sulfonate induced thyroid-disrupting on zebrafish larvae

Perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS) and ZnO nanoparticles(nano-ZnO) are widely distributed in the environment.However,the potential toxicity of co-exposure to PFOS and nano-ZnO remains to be fully elucidated.The test investigated the effects of co-exposure to PFOS and nano-ZnO on the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid(HPT) axis in zebrafish.Zebrafish embryos were exposed to a combination of PFOS(0.2,0.4,0.8 mg/L) and nano-ZnO(50 mg/L)from their early stages of life(0–14 days).The whole-body content of TH and the expression of genes and proteins related to the HPT axis were analyzed.The co-exposure decreased the body length and increased the malformation rates compared with exposure to PFOS alone.Co-exposure also increased the triiodothyronine(T3) levels,whereas the thyroxine(T4)content remained unchanged.Compared with the exposure to PFOS alone,exposure to both PFOS(0.8 mg/L) and nano-ZnO(50 mg/L) significantly up-regulated the expression of corticotropin-releasing factor,sodium/iodidesymporter,iodothyronine deiodinases and thyroid receptors and significantly down-regulated the expression of thyroid-stimulating hormone,thyroglobulin(TG),transthyretin(TTR) and thyroid receptors.The protein expression levels of TG and TTR were also significantly down-regulated in the co-exposure groups.In addition,the expression of the thyroid peroxidase gene was unchanged in all groups.The results demonstrated that PFOS and nano-ZnO co-exposure could cause more serious thyroid-disrupting effects in zebrafish than exposure to PFOS alone.Our results also provide insight into the mechanism of disruption of the thyroid status by PFOS and nano-ZnO.     

新型除氟剂竹炭的优选和改性方法实验研究

采用不同产地的竹炭进行除氟研究,分别进行了直接除氟和改性后除氟的效果比较。在水浴恒温振荡箱,振荡速度100 r/min,温度30件下,保持固液比0.03,反应1.5 h,处理初始氟浓度10 mg/L的溶液,浙江丽水的机械竹炭的直接除氟效果比其它地方的竹炭都好,其对氟去除率为47.8%。通过该竹炭的直接除氟工艺参数优化结果可知,pH是影响竹炭除氟的关键因素,最佳值为4;随着竹炭量的增大,氟离子的去除率明显上升;氟离子的初始浓度增大,竹炭的单位吸附量也逐渐上升;反应时间为90 min时,反应逐渐趋于平衡。选用Al2（SO4）3对竹炭进行改性后,浙江丽水的机械竹炭的除氟率有很大的上升;采用MgSO4改性后各类竹炭除氟效果均有所下降。采用Fe2（SO4）3改性后,氟离子的去除率达到91.8%,剩余浓度为0.82 mg/L,达到国家饮用水的标准。     

功能区噪声自动监测有效时间的确定

噪声自动监测在中国才刚刚起步,其各项规范还没有随之确立,这就需要进行一系列的噪声自动监测实验,以获得各项规范确立的指标。通过在四个类别的标准适用区进行的噪声监测试验,利用获得的试验数据进行统计分析,找出噪声Leq小时值的统计特征,对四个类别的标准适用区各日标准方差进行计算,获得标准方差最大与最小对应的日期,分别对其进行小时噪声等效声级进行抽样,以确定功能区噪声自动监测有效时间。经计算对任一类别的适用区日均值的获得至少需要连续监测,也就是功能区噪声自动监测有效时间是18个小时以上。