动力电池热失控引发电动汽车火灾的典型特征研究

为深入研究电动汽车火灾特点,基于电动汽车整车燃烧实验平台进行整车燃烧实验,探讨电动汽车动力电池热失控引发火灾的燃烧蔓延特征、烟气蔓延特征和典型痕迹特征。结果表明:热失控引发的电动汽车火灾燃烧过程由底盘向车头和车尾蔓延,烟气火焰通过底板处的空隙进入乘员舱,烟气浓度短时间内便可使车内乘员丧命;整车烧损痕迹呈现两头重中间轻的特征,电池模组及单体呈现向早期热失控模组或单体挤压变形的痕迹。     

Material selection for landfill leachate piping by using a grey target decision-making approach

Landfill leachate, due to its quantity and inherent risk, is generally collected and transported by piping system for advanced treatment. During the piping, the pipe materials may react with leachate, resulting in corrosion and scaling. In order to reduce possible failures and mitigate the associated consequences, this study provides an indicator system for material selection to aid the pipe system design. The material functional, economic, and environmental attributes are incorporated into the indicator system, to perform a precise selection of commercial drainage pipe materials, thus improving empirically oriented selection. Four common drainage pipe materials including high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), galvanized steel, and seamless steel are taken as the material alternatives for the selection. Based upon their experimental data, a grey target decision-making framework is employed to perform the priority ranking of the materials. The results indicate that HDPE has the best performance, followed by PVC, galvanized steel, and seamless steel. This study discusses the validity of the selection results and the applicability of the proposed method, to provide insight into  leachate piping system design.

     

基于二级模糊综合评价的白洋淀淀中村生活污水处理技术决策方法

本研究旨在为白洋淀淀中村生活污水处理技术选择提供一个优化决策方法。在对国内外农村生活污水处理技术深入调研的基础上,采用二级模糊综合评价法,对14项预选处理技术进行综合评估。首先从处理效果、技术性能以及经济性能三方面对各处理技术进行初级量化评估,再根据其评估数据对各项技术进行二级评估,最后结合淀中村自身特点筛选出较好的生活污水处理技术,探讨最适合白洋淀淀中村生活污水处理的优化方案。纯水村人口相对集中地区可采用人工湿地和水解酸化+人工湿地技术,人口相对分散地区可采用沼气净化技术;半水村人口相对集中地区可采用厌氧滤池+土壤渗滤和人工湿地+氧化塘技术,人口相对分散地区可采用沼气净化技术和土壤渗滤技术。     

Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin extractability and bioavailability of phenanthrene in humin and humic acid fractions from different soils and sediments

Organic matter (OM) plays a vital role in controlling polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) bioavailability in soils and sediments. In this study, both a hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) extraction test and a biodegradation test were performed to evaluate the bioavailability of phenanthrene in seven different bulk soil/sediment samples and two OM components (humin fractions and humic acid (HA) fractions) separated from these soils/sediments. Results showed that both the extent of HPCD-extractable phenanthrene and the extent of biodegradable phenanthrene in humin fraction were lower than those in the respective HA fraction and source soil/sediment, demonstrating the limited bioavailability of phenanthrene in the humin fraction. For the source soils/sediments and the humin fractions, significant inverse relationships were observed between the sorption capacities for phenanthrene and the amounts of HPCD-extractable or biodegradable phenanthrene (p?<?0.05), suggesting the importance of the sorption capacity in affecting desorption and biodegradation of phenanthrene. Strong linear relationships were observed between the amount of HPCD-extractable phenanthrene and the amount degraded in both the bulk soils/sediments and the humin fractions, with both slopes close to 1. On the other hand, in the case of phenanthrene contained in HA, a poor relationship was observed between the amount of phenanthrene extracted by HPCD and the amount degraded, with the former being much less than the latter. The results revealed the importance of humin fraction in affecting the bioavailability of phenanthrene in the bulk soils/sediments, which would deepen our understanding of the organic matter fractions in affecting desorption and biodegradation of organic pollutants and provide theoretical support for remediation and risk assessment of contaminated soils and sediments.     

冀中南平原区气溶胶标高变化及估算模型研究

作为反映大气气溶胶垂直分布的重要参量,气溶胶标高被广泛应用于气溶胶反演及模型订正研究中.为研究气溶胶标高时空变化规律并构建其简易计算模型,基于2009～2016年气象站点观测资料及MODIS卫星反演数据,利用Peterson模型及多元回归分析对冀中南平原区气溶胶标高进行了估算分析.研究结果表明:区域气溶胶标高夏季最高,...     

漓江流域桂林市区段有机磷农药和磺胺类抗生素的复合污染及其生态风险

为研究漓江流域桂林市区段的有机磷农药(OPs)和磺胺类抗生素(SAs)残留量和生态风险,在平水期、枯水期和丰水期采集流域水样,采用超高效液相色谱三重四级杆质谱联用仪对水样中目标污染物进行分析. 结果表明:①漓江流域桂林市区段水体检出敌百虫(TRC)、毒死蜱(CHP)、磺胺甲基嘧啶(SMR)、磺胺二甲嘧啶(SM2)和磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ),浓度分别为nd~17.2、nd~2.32、0.05~20.6、0.07~15.37和0.87~17.48 ng/L (nd为未检出). ②SAs和OPs残留量随时间呈规律性变化,SAs浓度表现为丰水期>平水期>枯水期,OPs浓度表现为枯水期>平水期>丰水期. ③使用蛋白核小球藻对单一及其混合物进行毒性试验,得出OPs和SAs五元混合物对蛋白核小球藻的联合毒性在低于5%和19%~21%效应范围内呈现加和作用,5%~19%效应范围呈现协同作用,21%~26%效应范围内呈现拮抗作用,混合物在环境中检出最高浓度时对蛋白核小球藻的毒性产生加和作用. ④基于整体混合物风险熵的风险评估结果,漓江流域桂林市区段OPs和SAs混合污染对蛋白核小球藻产生中等生态风险;而基于单一污染物风险熵计算的混合物风险熵结果,OPs和SAs混合污染对蛋白核小球藻无生态风险,低估了混合污染物实际风险. 研究显示,不同方式获得的污染物预测无效应浓度对风险评估结果产生明显差异.      

四乙基愈创木酚液相·OH氧化SOA产率及特征分析:初始浓度的影响

液相化学过程作为二次有机气溶胶（SOA）形成的一种必不可少的途径,引起了学界对大气化学的广泛关注.由于其反应复杂性,反应机制、产物特性及对SOA质量的贡献还没有完全理解.本文选择四乙基愈创木酚（4-ethylguaiacol,EG）为前体物,系统地研究了初始浓度（0.03、0.3和3 mmol·L^-1）的EG液相·OH氧化形成的液相二次有机气溶胶（aqSOA）特性的影响.用黑炭-气溶胶质谱（SP-AMS）测定aqSOA产率和氧化特性,气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC/MS）、离子色谱（IC）测定产物和低分子有机酸.紫外分光光度计（UV-vis）和高效液相色谱测定了类腐殖质（HULIS）等表征光吸光产物的形成.结果表明,不同初始浓度（mmol·L^-1）下aqSOA的O/C都表现为随着反应时间延长而升高,分别在0.42~0.61（0.03 mmol·L^-1）、0.49~0.84（0.3 mmol·L^-1）和0.49~0.63（3 mmol·L^-1）之间变化.SP-AMS测定aqSOA组分发现高初始浓度时二聚体（C₁₆H₁₈ O₂⁺,m/z 302）量明显高,说明高浓度下更容易发生聚合反应.UV-vis分析表明,随光氧化反应的进行,250 nm处吸光明显增强,可能是由于250 nm处新的吸光性产物生成所致.反应过程中生成的HULIS浓度不断升高,与UV-vis测定的300~400 nm区域内吸光度增强结论一致,说明水相反应形成了棕色碳.IC检测到产物中含有小分子有机酸：甲酸、乙醇酸和草酸,其中甲酸浓度最高.GC/MS检测到aqSOA中含酮、单聚体和二聚体等,说明发生了官能团化和聚合化过程.     

南京北郊大气颗粒物的粒径分布及其影响因素分析

在南京北郊使用FA-3型9级采样器对2014年1~11月颗粒物的粒径分布进行了采样分析.首先将FA-3与中流量分级采样器(KC-120H)和环境保护局在线监测仪器的同期监测结果进行对比,数据相关系数均在0.95以上,对细粒子FA-3分别偏低13.9%和16.6%,而对PM_(10)偏高15.2%和13.3%,但采样偏差在大气采样可接受范围之内,说明其可以对大气颗粒物进行准确分级和采样.南京北郊颗粒物污染严重,PM_(1.1),PM_(2.1)和PM_(10)的年平均浓度分别为(65.6±37.6)、(91.0±54.7)和(168.0±87.0)μg·m-3,污染以细粒子为主,且大部分在1.1μm以下;颗粒物粒径呈双峰分布,峰值位于0.43~0.65μm和9~10μm粒径段;中值粒径为1.83μm,为积聚模态污染.颗粒物粒径分布在冬季细粒径段较高,春季粗粒径段较高,夏季细粒径段降低并不明显,粗粒径段明显低于其他季节;颗粒物浓度的昼夜变化在粗粒径段差异很小,在细粒径段基本表现出夜晚大于白天的特征.除了夏季,降水对各个粒径范围的颗粒物都有清除作用,且在细粒径段表现得更为明显;霾发生时随着霾等级的加重,0.43~2.1μm粒径段颗粒物浓度逐渐增加,该粒径段颗粒物质量浓度与能见度呈显著负相关.以相对湿度70%为界,颗粒物粒径分布发生了明显变化,湿度大于70%后,小于0.43μm粒径段颗粒物质量浓度显著降低,而0.43~2.1μm粒径段明显上升,颗粒物的吸湿增长应是主要原因.南京北郊的气团来源可以分为四类,其中西北方向快速输送的气团最为洁净,细粒径颗粒物浓度明显低于其它方向;本地和周边近距离输送的气团污染最重,粗细粒径颗粒物浓度都较高,其传输距离短,风速小,发生污染的概率最大,达到73.9%,对南京市的空气污染贡献较大.     

Adapting to droughts in Yuanyang Terrace of SW China: insight from disaster risk reduction

Despite international focus on how to facilitate adaptation to droughts in a changing climate, a good deal of adaptation will be enacted at the local level. Focusing on the Yuanyang Terrace of SW China (a very famous agricultural heritage site), this study illustrates that land use change, dynamic adaptation and Public-Private Partnership (PPP) are the main measures to reduce the drought disaster risk and have the important role in adapting to droughts based on methodology of the land use survey, household questionnaire, local government and companies’ interview. And a new conceptual model of adaptation from the insight of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) was proposed in spatial, temporal and social dimensions. It is a good practice to adapt to disaster risk and agricultural heritage conservation by tourism development. Adaptive risk management is more important in adapting to disaster risk in order to maintain heritages conservation and local livelihood improvement.     

农村居民低碳消费行为影响因素的实证研究

通过问卷调查,运用描述性统计、结构方程模型、多群组分析方法,建立了农村居民低碳消费行为的影响因素模型.结果表明:低碳认知、消费信贷、政策效果感知显著正向影响农村居民低碳消费意向,但不直接影响低碳消费行为;个人消费观念、低碳产品购买便利性对农村居民低碳消费意向和低碳消费行为都没有显著正向影响;环境关注对农村居民低碳消费意向和低碳消费行为都有显著正向影响,并且环境关注是影响低碳消费行为的关键变量;低碳消费意向显著正向影响低碳消费行为.多群组分析的结果表明,性别、家庭规模、年龄、收入等调节变量在不同假设路径中的影响存在差异.