Adapting to droughts in Yuanyang Terrace of SW China: insight from disaster risk reduction

Despite international focus on how to facilitate adaptation to droughts in a changing climate, a good deal of adaptation will be enacted at the local level. Focusing on the Yuanyang Terrace of SW China (a very famous agricultural heritage site), this study illustrates that land use change, dynamic adaptation and Public-Private Partnership (PPP) are the main measures to reduce the drought disaster risk and have the important role in adapting to droughts based on methodology of the land use survey, household questionnaire, local government and companies’ interview. And a new conceptual model of adaptation from the insight of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) was proposed in spatial, temporal and social dimensions. It is a good practice to adapt to disaster risk and agricultural heritage conservation by tourism development. Adaptive risk management is more important in adapting to disaster risk in order to maintain heritages conservation and local livelihood improvement.     

铝合金复合板轧制变形规律研究

此文研究了Al-Si/Al-Mn/Al-Si三层铝合金复合板轧制过程中包覆率的变化规律,基体金属和包覆金属的变形速度关系。讨论了复合板的变形规律。     

漓江流域桂林市区段有机磷农药和磺胺类抗生素的复合污染及其生态风险

为研究漓江流域桂林市区段的有机磷农药(OPs)和磺胺类抗生素(SAs)残留量和生态风险,在平水期、枯水期和丰水期采集流域水样,采用超高效液相色谱三重四级杆质谱联用仪对水样中目标污染物进行分析. 结果表明:①漓江流域桂林市区段水体检出敌百虫(TRC)、毒死蜱(CHP)、磺胺甲基嘧啶(SMR)、磺胺二甲嘧啶(SM2)和磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ),浓度分别为nd~17.2、nd~2.32、0.05~20.6、0.07~15.37和0.87~17.48 ng/L (nd为未检出). ②SAs和OPs残留量随时间呈规律性变化,SAs浓度表现为丰水期>平水期>枯水期,OPs浓度表现为枯水期>平水期>丰水期. ③使用蛋白核小球藻对单一及其混合物进行毒性试验,得出OPs和SAs五元混合物对蛋白核小球藻的联合毒性在低于5%和19%~21%效应范围内呈现加和作用,5%~19%效应范围呈现协同作用,21%~26%效应范围内呈现拮抗作用,混合物在环境中检出最高浓度时对蛋白核小球藻的毒性产生加和作用. ④基于整体混合物风险熵的风险评估结果,漓江流域桂林市区段OPs和SAs混合污染对蛋白核小球藻产生中等生态风险;而基于单一污染物风险熵计算的混合物风险熵结果,OPs和SAs混合污染对蛋白核小球藻无生态风险,低估了混合污染物实际风险. 研究显示,不同方式获得的污染物预测无效应浓度对风险评估结果产生明显差异.      

铝-锂合金垂直半连铸凝固过程温度场模拟

在阐述Al-Li合金熔铸特点基础上讨论了该合金垂直半连铸凝固过程温度场模拟问题.讨论时.把问题当作非稳态,并考虑结晶潜热.用交替隐式差分法计算了不同熔铸工艺条件下的温度场.对计算结果作了分析.讨论并和实验结果作了对比,指出了熔铸工艺条件对温度场的影响.     

Problems of Rural Migrant Workers and Policies in the New Period of Urbanization

The huge migration of rural workers has new characteristics such as the bad order, high degree of concentration, low level of collective action, marginality in social status, unfair treatment, difficult integration of the new generation, and the new return trend of rural migrants, which causes ＇urban diseases＇ in China. Countermeasures should be taken to develop medium-sized and small cities, integrate the labor market of the city and countryside, provide necessary public services, social security and vocational training, guide the rural migrant workers to return rationally, and help the new generation live in harmony with urban residents.     

Characteristics and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in surface sediments collected at the Qingshitan Reservoir

ABSTRACT

An ultrasonic extraction – gas chromatography – electron capture detector analytical method was used to measure the concentration and types of organochlorine (OC) pesticides in sediment to obtain a better understanding of the characteristics and hidden ecological risks associated with OC pesticide exposure in surface sediment of the Qingshitan Reservoir. Fifteen types of OC pesticides were detected in the sediment, and the sum concentration of these chemicals was in the 149.32–490.19 ng/g range (mean value: 319.39 ng/g). The concentrations of detected OC pesticides occurred in the following order: hexachlorohexanes (HCHs) (mean value: 200.17 ng/g) > DDTs (mean value: 36.92 ng/g) > heptachlors (mean value: 32.74 ng/g) > methoxychlor (mean value: 24.13 ng/g). There was a 100% detection rate for HCH isomers, and their concentrations occurred in the following order: β-HCH > δ-HCH > γ-HCH > α-HCH. β-HCH was the main component of HCHs. Ratios between α-HCH/γ-HCH and β-/(α+γ)-HCH were used to investigate the sources of pollution. Most of the surveyed areas were polluted by lindane, which originated from past pesticide residue usage, and no new inputs of HCHs were found. DDT was the major component of the DDTs, and accounted for 52%–87% of the DDTs. The ratios of (DDE+DDD)/DDT at all sample collection points were less than 1, indicating that degradation rate of DDTs in sediment was low and there was a new input of DDTs in these surveyed areas. The ratio of DDD/DDE was less than 1 at most of the sample collection points, indicating that the degradation of DDT in the sediments primarily took place under aerobic conditions. Comparison of OC pesticide residual levels in the underwater sediment collected at the Qingshitan Reservoir to other states and countries showed the pollution level of these chemicals of the Qingshitan Reservoir was relatively high. The ecological risk was assessed based on guideline values of effects range-low (ERL) and effects range-medium (ERM). The results showed that DDD, DDE, DDTs and endrin residues in the sediment posed a moderate ecological risk, but DDT and γ-HCH showed high ecological risk. These OC pesticides might adversely affect biological systems, and need to be addressed.     

基于生物数学模型的飞行疲劳预测建模与仿真

为了合理调整机组排班计划来减少飞行疲劳隐患,重点分析与排班相关的时间因素对飞行疲劳的影响,将飞行员在一天中的飞行疲劳分解为执勤期和休息期的两个分量,然后基于生物数学模型对其进行量化,建立在机组排班过程中预测飞行员飞行疲劳的数学模型。以东航A330机队部分飞行员的任务计划为例进行仿真分析,结果表明,在目标时间段内延长飞行员的连续执勤时间、增加任务总数以及缩短相邻任务间的休息时间,均会使飞行员的疲劳值增加。因此,为了降低飞行疲劳风险,机组在制定排班计划时,应适当减少飞行员的连续执勤时间,酌情增加相邻任务间的休息时间。     

常州市大气PM2.5中PAHs污染特征及来源解析

2016年1~8月期间,在常州市采集到55个大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)样品,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定其中17种PAHs的含量.结果表明,冬、春、夏季PAHs的季均浓度分别为140.24、41.42和2.96 ng·m~(-3),冬季污染较严重,且以4~6环中高分子量化合物为主.Ba P日均浓度平均值3.64 ng·m~(-3),超标日占总采样天数的41%.PAHs浓度与气温(相关系数-0.643)和能见度(相关系数-0.466)显著负相关,与大气压呈显著正相关(相关系数0.544),而与风速、相对湿度相关性较差.受昼夜温差、大气层结和污染源变化等因素影响,夜间PAHs浓度高于白天.气团后向轨迹模型分析表明,常州PM_(2.5)中PAHs主要受当地排放源和短距离传输的影响,长距离传输影响小(仅占11%).特征比值法分析发现,PAHs主要来源于燃煤、机动车尾气和生物质燃烧.利用超额终生致癌风险(ILCR)模型评估PAHs通过呼吸暴露途径对人体健康的影响,结果表明:成人的ILCR值高于儿童,冬季和春季人群的ILCR值略高于风险阈值,夏季则不明显.     

土壤中不同有机质对菲的吸附行为及生物可利用性的影响

为了研究不同有机质对持久性有机污染物(POPs)的吸附行为及生物可利用性的影响,从黑龙江省未被多环芳烃(PAHs)污染的农业表层土壤中提取了矿质结合态胡敏酸(MHA)、矿质结合态胡敏素(MHU),通过绘制吸附动力学曲线和吸附等温线,研究了MHA、MHU及全上本身对菲的吸附特性,并通过改变老化时间和吸附剂质量,研究了不同...     

Effects of different sludge disintegration methods on sludge moisture distribution and dewatering performance

A key step in sludge treatment is sludge dewatering. However, activated sludge is generally very difficult to be dewatered. Sludge dewatering performance is largely affected by the sludge moisture distribution. Sludge disintegration can destroy the sludge structure and cell wall, so as change the sludge floc structure and moisture distribution, thus affecting the dewatering performance of sludge. In this article, the disintegration methods were ultrasound treatment, K2 Fe O4oxidation and KMn O4 oxidation. The degree of disintegration(DDCOD), sludge moisture distribution and the final water content of sludge cake after centrifuging were measured. Results showed that three disintegration methods were all effective, and K2 Fe O4oxidation was more efficient than KMn O4 oxidation. The content of free water increased obviously with K2 Fe O4and KMn O4 oxidations, while it decreased with ultrasound treatment. The changes of free water and interstitial water were in the opposite trend. The content of bounding water decreased with K2 Fe O4oxidation, and increased slightly with KMn O4 oxidation, while it increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. The water content of sludge cake after centrifuging decreased with K2 Fe O4oxidation, and did not changed with KMn O4 oxidation, but increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. In summary, ultrasound treatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, while K2 Fe O4and KMn O4 oxidation improved the sludge dewaterability.