基于Landsat ETM+等影像的无锡市十年陆地生态环境遥感评价

遥感和GIS技术的发展为研究区域生态环境变化提供了有效手段,以无锡市2004-2013年的ETM＋等遥感影像和GDEM高程数据为数据源,运用遥感和GIS方法提取生态因子信息并进行陆地生态状况遥感评价。结果表明,无锡市近十年陆地生态环境整体趋好。     

基于Landsat-8数据和劈窗算法的地表温度反演及城市热岛效应研究

陆地表面温度(Land Surface Temperature,LST)是地表能量平衡组分中的一个重要参数。随着卫星遥感技术的快速发展,遥感反演成为获取区域LST的一个重要手段。目前已有学者提出多种基于遥感数据反演LST的算法,其中劈窗算法被证明是一种精度较高的算法。基于Landsat-8卫星30 m空间分辨率的陆地成像仪(OLI)数据和100 m分辨率的热红外传感器(TIRS)数据,采用劈窗算法计算了无锡地区的LST,并采用地面实测水温数据和同步的MODIS温度产品对Landsat-8的计算结果进行了验证和对比分析。结果表明:基于Landsat-8数据和劈窗算法获取的LST精度较高,误差1K。在计算的LST结果基础上,进一步提取了热场变异指数来分析城市热岛空间分布特征,给出了城市热岛效应的定量化描述,并就不同地表覆盖类型对热岛效应的影响进行了分析。     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱法测定水中四乙基铅

通过探讨影响四乙基铅富集效率的捕集管类型、吹扫温度和吹扫时间等因素,建立了吹扫捕集-气相色谱法测定水质中四乙基铅的分析方法。实验结果表明,使用Tenax捕集管,在吹扫温度为50℃、吹扫15 min的条件下测定水质中的四乙基铅,捕集效率为97.6%~98.2%,在0~100μg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.03μg/L,加标回收率为93.2%~100.5%,相对标准偏差为1.6%~3.2%。方法操作简便快捷、准确、实用且绿色环保不消耗有机溶剂,适于水质中四乙基铅的测定。     

关于改进非甲烷总烃测定方法的探讨

根据非甲烷总烃排放标准、分析方法和实际监测情况,对非甲烷总烃定义、总烃峰型异常、氧峰干扰、方法检出限测定和采样容器选择等方面存在的问题进行了探讨。结果表明：气态烃的衍生物属于非甲烷总烃,烃的衍生物和色谱柱类型是导致总烃峰型异常的主要原因,使用除烃空气作载气可消除氧峰干扰,非甲烷总烃为差值结果,应按照EPA SW-846标准测定检出限,PVF气袋本底低、气密性和化学惰性好,是最佳的非甲烷总烃采样容器。     

夏季太湖梅梁湾水体中细菌的群落结构

利用高通量测序技术,选择16S rRNA V6区作为目标片段,对夏季太湖梅梁湾水体中的细菌群落结构进行了分析,结果表明,共产生了101 427条优质序列,细菌为100 935条,占99.5%;在蓝藻暴发期间,共检测到14门,55属,610个操作分类单位。优势门类为蓝藻门(39.7%),放线菌门(27.2%)和变形菌门(23.4%),微囊藻属(21.0%)和聚球藻属(15.9%)为主要优势种。     

贵州红枫湖大冲小流域农业面源污染负荷特征研究

为揭示红枫湖汇水区农业面源污染物氮、磷、有机物输出的一般规律,以典型农业小流域为研究对象,自2010年1~12月,对流域降雨、流域出口的径流、TN、TP、CODcr浓度进行同步监测,并对流域内各个不同土地利用类型的产污负荷进行监测分析。结果表明,流域除TP外,其他指标严重超标;监测期间小流域径流量为414×105 m3,TN、TP、CODcr入湖总量分别为2 5467、856、10 8832 kg,其日均单位排放负荷分别为577、019 、1451 kg/(km2·d);在降雨丰富、农业生产活动频繁的6~10月,TN、TP、CODcr的含量都明显高于其他月份,分别占各自总量的94.8%、73.3%、94.3%;坡耕地、天然林、疏林地产生的TN、TP、CODcr污染负荷量分别为流域入湖污染总负荷的13.38%、13.29%、13.54%,稻田、蔬菜地径流中TN、TP、CODcr含量分别为0.84~10.32、0.07~0.18、20.50~68.00;2.16~7.54、0.01~0.04、4.50~22.40 mg/L。居民生活污水中TN、TP、CODcr含量分别为13.84~50.11、3.20~5.10、35.7~207.0 mg/L,蔬菜、水稻种植、居民生活污水及禽畜养殖对流域面源污染贡献大;大冲小流域面源污染负荷与径流间存在极强的相关性     

D006树脂对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附性能研究

通过树脂筛选实验,选用大孔强酸性阳离子树脂D006作为Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附材料,通过静态实验考察吸附时间、振荡转速、溶液pH和树脂用量对吸附效果的影响,并探讨了吸附的热力学和动力学性能,同时对树脂进行了再生实验。结果表明,D006树脂对Cd(Ⅱ)的平衡吸附量可达20.98mg/g;D006树脂吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的最佳条件为吸附时间120min、振荡转速120r/min、溶液pH 2.9左右、树脂用量0.20g;D006树脂对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附过程符合Langmuir方程,为单分子层吸附;准二级动力学模型能较好地描述Cd(Ⅱ)在D006树脂上的吸附行为,吸附的活化能为5.46kJ/mol,该吸附过程主要为物理吸附;于30℃下采用1mol/L硫酸对吸附后的D006树脂进行脱附,脱附率可达到96%以上,可实现对Cd(Ⅱ)的富集与回收。     

Factors Affecting Ozone Sensitivity and Susceptibility Of Cotton Plants

Cotton plants were investigated to ascertain the growth period of maximum sensitivity to ozone. Plants were grown from seed in the greenhouse to obtain a two-day interval age series to about three months old. Before fumigation with 0.2 to 1.0 ppm ozone for 1 hr, plants were preconditioned under standard growth chamber conditions with day temperatures of 32°, night temperatures of 21°, relative humidity of 50%, and a light intensity of 6 X 10⁴ ergs/cm²/sec. Also, stomatal opening was monitored with a resistance hygrometer. Ozone damage to leaves was assessed by rating per cent visible damage with an arbitrary scale. Approximately 0.6-0.7 ppm ozone exposure for 1 hr was necessary for visible damage. Leaves were susceptible to ozone when about three-quarters fully expanded. Leaves appearing on older plants became progressively less sensitive. Diurnally, susceptible leaves were only sensitive after several hours in the light and then lost sensitivity toward the end of a normal day. The two most critical questions concerning the nature of ozone sensitivity and susceptibility are: (7) what is the nature of susceptibility, and (2) what is the nature of sensitivity of susceptible leaves?     

Biosorption of heavy metals from aqueous solution by UV-mutant Bacillus subtilis

To develop an efficient bio-immobilization approach for the remediation of heavy metal pollution in soil, a mutant species of Bacillus subtilis (B38) was obtained by ultraviolet irradiation and selection under high concentration of cadmium (Cd) in a previous study. In the present study, to check the applicability of this mutated species to the sorption and immobilization of other metals, the sorption of four heavy metals, Cd, chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb), on living and nonliving B38 in single- and multiple-component systems under different conditions was investigated using batch experiments. Rapid metal binding occurred on both living and nonliving B38 during the beginning of the biosorption. The sorption kinetics followed the exponential equation for living biomass and the pseudo-first-order Lagergren model for nonliving biomass, with r ² values in the range of 0.9004-0.9933. The maximum adsorptive quantity of the heavy metals on B38 changed with the solution pH, temperature, biomass dose, and ionic strength. The nonliving biomass generally showed greater or similar adsorptive capacities as compared with the living biomass and was not likely to be affected by the solution parameters. The bacterium had a stronger affinity to the cationic heavy metals than to the anionic one, and the equilibrium sorption amounts were 210.6, 332.3, and 420.9 mg/g for Cd(II), Hg(II), and Pb(II), respectively. The results of binary and ternary sorption experiments indicated that the metals with the higher sorption capacity in the single-component systems showed greater inhibitory effects on the biosorption of other metal ions in the multiple-component systems, but the sorption sites of Hg and Cd or Pb are likely to be different. The results of this study illustrated that the mutant species is a promising biosorbent for the remediation of multiple heavy metals.     

SBR单级自养脱氮系统氮素转化途径

利用氮素计量关系和批式实验研究了SBR系统中基于短程硝化的单级自养脱氮特性和脱氮途径。结果表明,SBR系统获得良好脱氮效果,TN最高去除负荷和去除速率分别达0.49 kg N/(m3.d)和0.20 kg N/(kg VSS.d);系统中82%的氨氮转化成气体脱除,10%的氨氮转化成硝酸盐氮。批式实验结果表明,SBR系统中的污泥同时具有厌氧氨氧化、亚硝酸盐氧化和自养反硝化活性,三者的反应速率分别为0.12 kg NH4+-N/(kg VSS.d)、0.04 kg NO2--N/(kg VSS.d)和0.03 kg NO2--N/(kg VSS.d)。综上,SBR系统中氮的脱除是短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化和反硝化共同作用的结果,产生的硝酸盐是厌氧氨氧化和硝化作用所致。