基于层次分析法的库岸高速滑坡危险度评价

高速滑坡的判定是滑坡治理工作中的一项重要内容,但由于目前尚没有统一规范的滑速计算方法,因而给高速滑坡的预测带来了一定的困难。层次分析法是一种定性与定量相结合的多目标决策分析方法,针对库岸高速滑坡发生的各影响因子,采用层次分析法对鹅公带古滑坡体的高速滑坡体危险度进行了分析评价,为库岸高速滑坡的预测提供了一条新思路。     

Effects of suspended sediment on the biodegradation and mineralization of phenanthrene in river water

High suspended sediment (SPS) concentration commonly exists in many Asian rivers. Furthermore, climate change can cause high floods and lead to the resuspension of sediments and soil erosion, resulting in high SPS concentration in many natural waters. This research studied the impact of the presence of SPS and organic C composition of SPS on the biodegradation and mineralization of phenanthrene (PHE). Three sediments, including original sediment (OS), 375 degrees C (S375), and 600 degrees C (S600) combusted sediment, were studied. A flask-based 14C-respirometer system was applied to study the mineralization of [14C]PHE by Agrobacterium sp. The mineralization rate of PHE in the absence of SPS was significantly lower than that with the presence of OS and S600 but higher than that with S375, suggesting that the effect of the presence of sediment on PHE mineralization depended on its organic C composition. The residual levels of PHE in the S375 and OS systems were about 1.5 times that of the S600 system after incubation for 2 d. After 26-d incubation, the mineralization rates of PHE were 34.64, 29.40, and 14.00% in the OS, S600, and S375 systems, respectively. The first-order rate constants of the OS and S600 systems were about three times that of the S375 system. The net influence of SPS on the biodegradation and mineralization rates of PHE was dependent on its effects on compound bioavailability and bacteria population. This study suggested that black C played a key role in reducing the mineralization rates of PHE in sediments-even without aging.     

Removal of dicofol from water by immobilized cellulase and its reaction kinetics

Researches on the removal of dicofol catalyzed by immobilized cellulase were conducted. Factors, such as acidity, temperature, enzyme activity, and initial concentration of dicofol, which could influence the removal were studied. The optimal pH for dicofol removal by immobilized cellulase was approximately 4–7, broader than that for free enzymes. The removal efficiencies for immobilized and free cellulase both decreased with increasing initial concentration of dicofol. The K_m for immobilized cellulase was slightly lower than that of free cellulase, suggesting that substrate affinity may be enhanced by immobilization. The optimum temperatures for immobilized and free cellulase were 45 °C and 50 °C. The removal reaction for immobilized cellulase was found to be a first-order reaction. The activation energy was 64.3 kJ mol⁻¹. The continuous oxidation of dicofol carried out in the static system of immobilized cellulase showed that the removal efficiency of immobilized cellulase remained after six cycles of operation. Thus, the catalytic efficiency of cellulase was improved greatly. As evidenced by infrared and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry data, the mechanism of reaction might involve an attack by the OH free radical of cellulase at a weak location of the dicofol molecule, resulting in the removal of three chlorine atoms from dicofol, thus oxygenizing dicofol and producing 4,4′-dichloro-dibenzophenone.     

氘灯对原子吸收法测定高盐废水中镉含量的影响

在石化行业中,由于采气废水多为高舍盐废水,如果按照地表水、地下水的测试方法对其重金属指标进行测试,其测试结果和真实值之间存在较大的偏差。本研究中采用火焰原子吸收法对影响吸收的背景进行氘灯扣除,得到了一种适合于高含盐废水体中镉含量测定的分析方法。通过实验验证,该方法相对误差在8．75％以内,检测限0．0042mg／L,回...     

应用物种敏感性分布评价法对太湖梅梁湾入湖河流交汇处优控有机污染物的生态风险分析

采用物种敏感性分布法( SSDs),对列于美国EPA优先控制名单的14种太湖梅梁湾水体半挥发性有机污染物进行生态风险分析,分别计算急、慢性5％物种危害质量浓度(HC5);并预测环境质量浓度下化合物对生物单一、联合潜在影响比例(PAF).结果表明:1)总体来说,梅梁湾水体风险较小,慢性-联合生态风险PAF结果从大到小为春季(枯水期,5.22％)、秋季(0.61％)、夏季(0.49％)、冬季(0.33％);2)14种目标有机污染物中需要注意的是六氯苯(PCB)、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)、蒽(Ant)和苯并[a]芘(BaP).这是由于PCB急性HC5(0.131 μg·L-1)很小,导致其急性PAF最大(秋季3.90％,冬季3.18％);DOP的高质量浓度导致其春季慢性PAF最大(6.81％);Ant、BaP的急、慢性HC5均很小,但两者质量浓度较低,暂时风险较小.因此,建议加强春季污染控制,提高PCB、DOP的控制力度,并密切关注Ant、BaP质量浓度的上升.     

基于ARIMA与SVM的飞行事故组合预测方法

飞行事故预测的目的在于预防事故。为提高事故预防的针对性和有效性,必须加强预测,以增强预防飞行事故的主动性。在ARIMA和SVM基础上,提出一种飞行事故组合预测方法。首先建立ARIMA模型,用以描述历史数据中的线性关系;然后,对ARIMA模型的残差构建SVM模型,用以模拟数据中的非线性规律,两者预测值之和就是最后的预测结果。美国空军1954—1993年飞行事故损坏飞机万时率的实证分析结果表明:利用该方法所建立的模型,能够对飞行事故作出较为准确的预测,模型精度总体优于单一的ARIMA或SVM模型。     

考虑成本的多出救点多物资应急调度研究

为减少应急资源调度过程中发生的经济损失,在某些最短完成时间值要求不十分敏感的应急资源调度基础上,提出引入资源需求紧迫程度的多出救点多物资调度模型,同时定义调度成本目标函数,并结合分治算法基本思想,求解综合调度效益最高的出救点方案,最后进行实例分析和对比分析。结果表明:在对应急资源储备仓库进行选择时,需求紧迫度的引入能极大地改善调度的盲目性,结合基于道路因素建立的成本函数能有效地减少不必要的调度成本,从而提高资源调度的综合效益。     

2003~2013年中国湿地变化的空间格局与关联性

以全国两次湿地资源调查数据为基础,借助ArcGIS可视化平台,采用标准差椭圆和空间自相关等方法,分析中国湿地变化的空间格局,揭示湿地变化的空间关联性.结果表明：①中国湿地存在明显的动态变化和分区特征,总湿地椭圆中心向正西方向移动,自然湿地与人工湿地的空间分异程度在增加;②人工湿地变化不存在显著的空间自相关性,自然湿地变化则存在显著的空间正相关性,表现出空间集聚状态,并产生了1个热点集聚区分布于青海、西藏和四川,1个独立热点区分布在内蒙古和1个冷点区分布在河南.Moran''s I统计表明自然湿地变化表现出空间变化上的连续性,人工湿地变化表现为空间随机性;③自然湿地保护效果表现出湿地保护高效区、低效区和不稳定区三大类分级特征,可细分为5小类.Moran统计能有效识别自然湿地变化的空间关联性,划定湿地保护效果,从而有利于明确湿地保护的地区差距,为系统制定湿地保护与管理决策提供依据,也为湿地保护效果评定研究提供新方法应用.     

锆、镧和镧锆改性沸石添加控制底泥磷释放的对比

本研究采用镧和锆作为改性剂制备了3种不同类型的改性沸石,即锆改性沸石(Zr MZ)、镧改性沸石(La MZ)和镧锆改性沸石(La Zr MZ),对比考察了其对水中磷酸盐的吸附作用,并对比研究了其添加对上覆水、间隙水和底泥中磷的影响.结果发现,3种改性沸石均可有效地吸附水中的磷酸盐,且La Zr MZ对水中磷酸盐的吸附性能明显优于La MZ和Zr MZ. 3种改性沸石添加均可有效地降低上覆水和间隙水中SRP的浓度.La MZ对底泥中潜在活性磷的钝化效果优于La Zr MZ,而后者又优于Zr MZ. 3种改性沸石添加均可以降低底泥中水溶性磷(WSP)、藻类可利用磷(AA-P)和铁氧化物-滤纸提取磷(Fe O-P)的含量,WSP和AA-P削减效应的排序为:La MZ La Zr MZ Zr MZ,Fe O-P削减效应的排序为:La Zr MZ Zr MZ La MZ. La Zr MZ和La MZ添加均可以降低底泥中易解吸磷(RDP)的含量,且削减效应的排序为:La MZ La Zr MZ. La Zr MZ和Zr MZ添加均可以降低底泥中Na HCO_3提取磷(Olsen-P)的含量,且削减效应的排序为:La Zr MZ Zr MZ.以上结果显示,镧、锆和镧锆改性沸石均可以有效控制水体内源磷向上覆水的释放;从吸附容量和生物可利性磷钝化效果看,镧锆联合改性沸石是一种非常有希望的用于控制水体内源磷释放的底泥改良材料.     

Hydrus-1D模型在推导基于保护地下水的土壤风险控制值中的应用

为合理推导基于保护地下水的土壤风险控制值和风险控制土方量,以珠三角某企业的电镀车间为研究区域,采用Hydrus-1D耦合地下水稀释模型构建水流和溶质运移方程,模拟六价铬和镍在包气带的迁移过程,并将计算结果与土壤-水分配耦合地下水稀释模型进行比较.结果表明,考虑包气带吸附作用下,Hydrus-1D耦合地下水稀释模型计算六价铬和镍的土壤风险控制值分别为41. 6 mg·kg~(-1)和619. 1 mg·kg~(-1),与土壤-水分配耦合地下水稀释模型的计算结果相比,其风险控制值分别提高了近10倍和45倍,风险控制土方量分别减少1 804 m3和44 590 m3.对于地下水位埋深较浅、水力联系密切的污染场地,可进一步开展水文地质调查,完整考虑污染物在包气带的迁移过程,采用Hydrus-1D耦合地下水稀释模型推导基于保护地下水的土壤风险控制值,以节约后期治理修复或风险管控成本.