不同剪切速率下吸力基础-黏土界面剪切特性研究∗

采用 GDS 界面剪切仪,开展不同剪切速率下吸力基础-黏土界面剪切试验,研究了沉贯过程中基础沉贯速率对吸力基础-黏土界面剪切特性的影响,分析了不同剪切速率、不同沉贯深度下的界面剪切特性。试验结果表明,吸力基础-黏土界面的抗剪强度随着法向应力的增加而增大,但随着剪切速率的增加而减小;界面峰值强度对应的剪切位移均在 1 mm 以内,且随着法向应力的增加而增大;界面凝聚力与剪切速率呈正相关,界面摩擦角则相反。在沉贯速率 1.0~1.2 cm/min 范围内,界面凝聚力增加幅度最大。摩擦系数在 0.27~0.34 变化,且随着沉贯速率的减小而增大,随沉贯深度的增加呈现减小趋势。     

工作场所职业工效相关因素及其管理初探

为了探讨工作场所职业工效管理的基本策略和方法,在概述职业工效相关因素类别、相互关联及评价方法等基础上,提出基于职业病危害防治要求、风险管理理念和管理体系建设模式的职业工效不良因素干预管理的初步策略及实施要点。研究结果表明:工作场所职业工效相关因素包括个体特征、工艺设备及其布局、工作系统设计、作业环境、作业管理和社会心理因素等,不同因素间存在直接或间接的相互影响,并最终影响到微观层面劳动者职业活动的工效特点及宏观层面工作场所整体的职业工效特征;实施有效的职业工效管理,在于科学辨识、评估不良职业工效因素的基础上,进一步在职业病危害预防控制的不同阶段采取合理可行的管理方法进行干预,并持续改进。     

基于包扎法的石化乙烯装置挥发性有机物排放特征

装置泄露是石油炼化生产过程中重要的挥发性有机物(VOCs)无组织排放源.基于动态吹扫包扎法采样和预浓缩­­-GC/MS分析方法,对我国南方某石化企业乙烯生产过程中裂解装置的压缩、分离系统及芳烃抽提装置的泄漏组件进行了VOCs排放特征研究.结果表明:烷烃(49.7%~82.4%)含量最高,其次是烯烃(3.2%~35.7%)和芳香烃(5.5%~14.4%); 2-甲基戊烷、甲基环己烷、3-甲基己烷及2,3-二甲基丁烷在整个乙烯生产中都有重要比重.乙烯和反-2-丁烯是裂解装置的重要标志,而苯和甲苯是芳烃抽提装置的重要标志;臭氧生成潜势主要来自于烯烃,尤其是乙烯的贡献率最大,占总烯烃贡献的47.0%~73.0%.参考美国环保局推荐的Method-21,计算了轻液介质阀门的排放速率,获得其泄露排放速率与泄露浓度之间的定量关系为y=3×10^-7x^0.993(R²=0.788).     

工业锅炉PM2.5产排特性试验研究

采用荷电低压颗粒撞击器(ELPI)对哈尔滨市两台燃用烟煤的工业锅炉PM2.5排放特性进行了研究.研究结果表明:PM2.5的粒数和质量浓度分布曲线均呈现单峰分布,前者峰值出现在0.12~0.2μm粒径范围内,这部分粒子主要是由无机物气化-凝结形成的亚微米颗粒物和挥发分未完全燃烧形成的炭黑粒子,而后者峰值出现在0.32μm处,粒子主要是由炭黑粒子形成的亚微米颗粒和残灰粒子形成的超微米颗粒.同时发现,旋风除尘和湿法除尘对PM2.5各级颗粒均有一定的去除效果,采用多管旋风和冲击水浴除尘器联合除尘效率比单种水膜除尘器除尘效率高;湿法脱硫系统对PM2.5的脱除也有明显的作用,由于除雾器不能全部去除小雾滴,这些雾滴中固体颗粒被干燥和水溶性物质结晶析出,PM0.32颗粒物粒数浓度有所增加,而PM0.32~2.5的颗粒物粒数浓度有所减少,但总质量浓度降低.     

Morphology and electrical conductivity of PACS

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Regionalization based on spatial and seasonal variation in ground-level ozone concentrations across China

Owing to the vast territory of China and strong regional characteristic of ozone pollution,it's desirable for policy makers to have a targeted and prioritized regulation and ozone pollution control strategy in China based on scientific evidences. It's important to assess its current pollution status as well as spatial and temporal variation patterns across China.Recent advances of national monitoring networks provide an opportunity to insight the actions of ozone pollution. Here, we present rotated empirical orthogonal function(REOF)analysis that was used on studying the spatiotemporal characteristics of daily ozone concentrations. Based on results of REOF analysis in pollution seasons for 3 years' observations, twelve regions with clear patterns were identified in China. The patterns of temporal variation of ozone in each region were separated well and different from each other, reflecting local meteorological, photochemical or pollution features. A rising trend in annual averaged Eight-hour Average Ozone Concentrations(O_3-8 hr) from 2014 to 2016 was observed for all regions, except for the Tibetan Plateau. The mean values of annual and 90 percentile concentrations for all 338 cities were 82.6 ± 14.6 and 133.9 ± 25.8 μg/m~3,respectively, in 2015. The regionalization results of ozone were found to be influenced greatly by terrain features, indicating significant terrain and landform effects on ozone spatial correlations. Among 12 regions, North China Plain, Huanghuai Plain, Central Yangtze River Plain, Pearl River Delta and Sichuan Basin were realized as priority regions for mitigation strategies, due to their higher ozone concentrations and dense population.     

中国主要河流中多环芳烃生态风险的初步评价

以现有的中国主要河流中多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度数据为基础,通过定义1个危害商,利用商值法筛选出菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并[a] 蒽、 和苯并[a]芘7种对水生生态具有潜在风险的PAHs.以河流水相中PAHs浓度数据为依据,结合毒性数据库中PAHs水相浓度对水生生物的毒性数据,用概率风险评价法分析了这7种PAHs对水生生物的生态风险.结果表明,7种筛选出的PAHs风险大小依次为：蒽>芘>苯并[a]蒽>荧蒽>苯并[a]芘>菲> .     

Al-Cu-Mg系铝合金耐环境腐蚀性能研究

目的研究2D12铝合金耐环境腐蚀性能。方法对不同规格的Al-Cu-Mg系2D12铝合金的耐环境腐蚀性能包括晶间腐蚀、剥蚀性能以及抗应力腐蚀性能,按照标准试验方法进行测试、分析、评定试验数据。结果得到了不同规格2D12铝合金晶间腐蚀深度、剥蚀等级、应力腐蚀断裂时间及KISCC等。自然时效状态2D12铝合金具有晶间腐蚀倾向,最大晶间腐蚀深度为0.18 mm。不同规格2D12铝合金抗剥落腐蚀性倾向不同,从P级到EC级。2D12铝合金材料的拉伸应力腐蚀断裂寿命随试验应力的增加而降低,两种薄板(δ=1.5 mm和δ=2.0 mm)和型材(EL2805)临界应力腐蚀门槛值分别为160,140,230 MPa。2D12铝合金在S-L和S-T方向的应力腐蚀开裂门槛应力强度因子分别为22.6 MPa·m1/2和27.1 MPa·m1/2。结论 2D12铝合金抗应力腐蚀测试结果表明,S-L方向比S-T方向的抗应力腐蚀的性能低,其应力腐蚀开裂门槛应力强度因子与C环应力腐蚀结果一致,断口呈现典型的沿晶断裂应力腐蚀脆性断裂特征。     

The spatial effect of fiscal decentralization on haze pollution in China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The fiscal decentralization system under China’s political centralization affects local economic and environmental policies, and thus has an...     

Ensuring the continued success of a mulch biowall at a trichloroethylene-contaminated superfund site: Lessons learned

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a toxic organic compound, which can adversely affect human health. The chemical is one of the most frequently found contaminants in groundwater in the United States and around the world. A landfill in Maryland contaminated with high levels of TCE decades ago was added to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Priority List (NPL) in 1994. A biowall was installed on the site in 2013 to promote the bioremediation of TCE and subsequently of its degradation products. Six-year monitoring data indicated a steady removal of >99% groundwater TCE at the wall since installation. However, a concurrent buildup of intermediate byproducts was observed downgradient of the wall. An examination of the entire system was necessary to find the reason behind the inefficiency of the biowall. In this study, the background of the site, remediation plan, and installation were assessed. Monitoring data, including the concentration of TCE and its degradation byproducts, and geochemical and physical characteristics were evaluated to understand the conditions and challenges facing decision-makers of this project and possible options to improve biowall efficacy.