模糊神经网络控制在污水处理中的应用研究

对模糊神经网络(FNN)技术应用于污水处理进行了研究,提出了一个具有五层的模糊神经网络控制器,仿真实验表明,该控制系统具有很强的鲁棒性与容错性.该控制器能够自动调整隶属度函数、动态优化控制规则,将其应用于溶解氧控制和出水水质预测,结果表明可以快速、有效地使溶解氧浓度达到期望值,实际出水水质预测结果也具有很好的收敛性和预测精度.     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理工艺研究进展

介绍了垃圾渗滤液的来源和特点，结合近些年的工程实际和实验研究，主要综述了垃圾渗滤液的处理方案和技术，包括回灌法、土地处理法、物化法、生物法以及其他处理方法，在比较这些方法的基础上提出了一些建议。     

城市污水石灰法深度处理工艺中有毒物质的变化规律

分别采用7-乙氧基异酚恶唑酮．脱乙基酶（EROD）活性测定法，重组人激素受体基因的酵母测试和Q67发光菌试验方法，对北京市某生活污水处理厂的进水、二沉出水以及经过石灰法深度处理后的出水中的类二恶英物质、类雌激素物质和急性毒性物质进行了分析。进水中的三类生物毒性效应物质中的急性毒性物质，可通过活性污泥法基本去除，而对类雌激素物质和类二恶英物质的去除率分别为76％和52％。经过石灰沉淀法的深度处理后，可使上述两类物质的总去除率达到95％和68％。出水中的雌激素当量水平与欧洲国家污水处理厂出水水平相当，而类二恶英物质的总浓度低于美国EPA饮用水中二恶英的最大允许浓度。展示了生物毒性测试方法在排水生态风险和工艺评价方面的应用潜力。     

钴铜铁三元类水滑石材料催化过硫酸氢钾复合盐降解苯酚

采用共沉淀法制备过渡金属钴、铜、铁组成的钴铜铁三元类水滑石材料(CoCuFe-LDH),用于催化过硫酸氢钾复合盐(PMS)降解水中苯酚,并考察了初始pH、CoCuFe-LDH催化剂投加量、PMS用量对苯酚降解效率的影响。实验结果表明:CoCuFeLDH对PMS的催化活性较高;在pH为中性,催化剂为0.20g/L,PMS为2.5mmol/L,苯酚为50mg/L的条件下处理60min,苯酚的去除率可达96%;当催化剂投加量分别为0.05、0.10、0.15g/L,反应40min时,苯酚的去除率分别为76%、82%和91%。自由基猝灭实验表明,CoCuFe-LDH/PMS催化体系中存在硫酸根自由基和羟基自由基,但硫酸根自由基为主要活性自由基。     

Quantitative structure-activity relationships for the inhibition toxicity to root elongation of Cucumis sativus of selected phenols and interspecies correlation with Tetrahymena pyriformis

The comparative toxicities of selected phenols to higher plants Cucumis sativus were measured and the negative logarithm molar concentration of the root elongation median inhibition (IRC50) were derived. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) were developed to explore the toxicity influencing factors and for predictive purpose. The toxicity data, fell into two classes: polar narcosis and bio-reactive. For polar narcotic phenols, a highly significant two-parameter QSAR based on 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (logKow) and energy of the lowest unoccupied orbital (E(lumo)) was derived (IRC50 = 0.77 log Kow - 0.39E(lumo) + 2.36 n = 22 r2 = 0.89). The five bio-reactive chemicals proved to show elevated toxicity due to their typical substructure involved diverse reactive mechanisms. In an effort to model all chemicals, a robust multiple-variable QSAR combining logKow, E(lumo) and Qmax, the most negative net atomic charge, was developed (IRC50 = 0.65 logKow - 0.72E(lumo) + 0.23Qmax + 2.81 n = 27 r2 = 0.94), indicating that hydrophobicity, electrophilicity and hydrogen bond interaction contribute mainly to the phytotoxicity. The toxicological data was compared with Tetrahymena pyriformis 2-d population growth inhibition toxicity (IGC50) and excellent interspecies correlations were observed both for the polar narcotics and for five reactive chemicals (for polar narcotics: IRC50 = 0.95IGC50 + 1.07 n = 16 r2 = 0.89; for bio-reactive chemicals: IRC50 = 0.98IGC50 + 2.19 n = 5 r2 = 0.97; and for all: IRC50 = 0.93IGC50 + 1.63 n = 21 r2 = 0.87). This suggested that T pyriformis toxicity could serve as a surrogate of C. sativus toxicity for phenols and interspecies correlation also could be established for reactive chemicals.     

Monitoring cellular responses of engine-emitted particles by using a direct air-cell interface deposition technique

The impacts of ultrafine airborne particles generated by diesel or gasoline engines on human lung cells have been investigated using a new in vitro cellular exposure technique. This technique enables direct deposition of the gasoline engine exhaust particles (GEP) and diesel engine exhaust particles (DEP) on human lung cells located at the air-cell interface on a transwell membrane in an exposure apparatus. The cellular responses to particle exposure were measured by the levels of IL-8 chemokines produced as a function of exposure time. The findings suggest that GEP and high-sulfur DEP induced the production of similar levels of IL-8 by unprimed A549 cells. The level of IL-8 produced by unprimed A549 cells in response to low-sulfur DEP was found lower than that produced in response to high-sulfur DEP and GEP. When cells were primed, simulating predisposed conditions, significant levels of IL-8 were produced. GEP triggered a much higher level of IL-8 production than DEP did. Furthermore, the time profile of IL-8 production induced by GEP was markedly different from that induced by DEP. The findings indicate that GEP could induce the production of higher levels of chemokines (i.e., IL-8) than DEP did, implying that exposure to GEP could be a greater health risk than exposure to DEP.     

Fenton试剂在乳化液废水处理中的应用

用Fenton试剂处理乳化液废水，通过试剂在不同配比条件下对废水处理效果的实验比较，选择了最佳反应条件，废水处理后的COD测量结果表明，反应处理在实验室可行。     

南京地区相对湿度对气溶胶含量的影响

为了研究南京地区相对湿度对气溶胶的影响,利用位于南京信息工程大学的拉曼-瑞利-米氏激光雷达,分析湿度廓线对消光系数的影响;利用2014年3月~2015年2月国控点环境监测数据对可吸入颗粒物浓度特征进行统计,并与相对湿度进行逐月和四季对比分析,并计算各参数之间的相关系数,以期为南京市的城市布局与规划、大气污染治理等提供更多参考.结果表明,低空气溶胶的消光系数廓线与相对湿度廓线变化趋势高度一致,地面相对湿度与可吸入颗粒物浓度在一定湿度范围（以不发生重力沉降为界限）内,相对湿度越大越有利于颗粒物的形成,超过这个范围,相对湿度越大,颗粒物浓度越低,在南京地区,对于PM₁₀来说,这个界限在40%~49%,对于PM_2.5来说,这个界限在50%~59%.     

长江三角洲晚第四纪陆-海交互地层的光释光年代学

长江三角洲地层的年代学研究对探讨晚第四纪以来我国东部沿海地区陆海交互作用历史以及海岸地貌的形成与演化具有重要价值。本研究选择长江三角洲YZ07和EGQD14两支钻孔开展系统光释光（optically stimulated luminescence,OSL）测年研究,总结前期已发表的50个年代数据并收集整理该区域相关钻孔的年代地层资料,探讨在可靠的年代框架约束下晚第四纪长江三角洲沉积地层演变特征,取得了以下几点认识：（1）在长江三角洲地区,常规OSL测年以较细石英颗粒OSL测年效果较为理想;对粗颗粒石英,若存在长石包裹体对石英OSL信号的影响,建议用脉冲释光测年（POSL）技术加以解决。（2）以YZ07孔为例,¹⁴C测年和OSL测年结果对比表明在三角洲海岸地区,¹⁴C测年方法建立的年代地层框架需要谨慎对待,建议在此区域开展年代地层学研究时可以尝试将两种测年方法结合使用,以确保年代地层框架的准确和可靠。（3）针对争议较大的氧同位素3阶段（MIS3）沉积环境问题,EGQD14孔给出了新的年代学证据,认为MIS3阶段（约30?—?50 ka）长江三角洲可能是陆地河流相沉积环境为主导,这也得到了区域相邻的几支钻孔沉积记录的佐证。（4）两支钻孔从年代学角度证实了前人关于末次盛冰期（Last Glacial Maximum,LGM）以来长江三角洲发育下切河谷的沉积学判识和地层学论断。此外,多钻孔的年代地层学特征也验证了全新世时段海平面变化控制下的长江三角洲及海岸演变的时空动态。     

连云港海州湾海域表层水体和沉积物中微塑料的分布特征

近年来,微塑料成为国内外广泛关注的新型海洋污染物,海湾作为人类在海岸环境中的主要活动地区,一直是海洋污染物聚集地,但我国对近岸大部分中小型海湾环境中微塑料的分布状况仍鲜见报道.为了解我国近岸中小型海湾的微塑料污染特征,本研究以江苏省海州湾海域表层海水和沉积物中采集的微塑料为样本,通过定性和定量方法研究了表层水和沉积物中微塑料主要类型和丰度及空间分布特征.结果表明,海州湾表层水体和沉积物中的微塑料丰度分别为(2.60±1.40)个·m~(-3)和(0.33±0.26)个·g~(-1),在国内近岸环境(表层水0.33～545.00个·m~(-3),沉积物0.07～2.58个·g~(-1))中,海州湾表层水中的微塑料丰度处于较低水平,但沉积物中的微塑料处于较高水平.塑料污染物的粒径大小在水体中分布范围为0.08～13.48 mm,其中,微塑料(粒径5 mm)占91.8%,塑料污染物在沉积物中粒径的分布范围为0.04～14.74 mm,微塑料占91.4%,水体和沉积物中60%以上的微塑料粒径小于2.00 mm.海州湾海域微塑料的形态以纤维状为主,占92%;颜色以蓝色和黑色为主,占70%;材质以人造纤维和PET为主,占79.4%.表层水中微塑料的分布与悬浮物浓度分布具有显著的相关性(P0.05),沉积物中微塑料的分布受多方面因素影响,其分布规律与表层水中微塑料的分布以及沉积物中粒径的分布都具有较大差异性.通过对微塑料的形态特征以及成分组成的分析表明,海州湾的微塑料主要来源于海水养殖和沿岸陆源输入.