废旧锂电池正极材料LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2中钴的回收

随着新能源汽车工业的快速发展,废旧三元动力锂电池的量在不断地增加。三元动力锂电池中含有丰富的Co、Mn、Li和Ni资源,回收三元动力锂电池是防止环境污染和回收贵重金属的理想选择。利用抗坏血酸(C6H8O6)的酸性和还原性对废旧三元锂电池正极材料进行浸出,KMnO_4的强氧化性回收浸出液中的Co制备β-CoC_2O_4·2H_2O,采用浓度为1.3 mol·L~(-1)的C_6H_8O_6,在60℃的条件下对正极材料浸出20 min,向浸出夜中加入1 mol·L-1的H_2SO_4反应20 min后加入KMnO_4继续反应1 h,制得β-CoC_2O_4·2H_2O。实验结果表明,Co的回收率达91%,Li的浸出率可达96.4%,Mn和Ni完全浸出,可实现简单环保地浸出有价金属并回收Co。     

2种典型碳纳米管低浓度暴露诱发锦鲫组织损伤与肝脏氧化损伤效应研究

采用半静态染毒方法,研究了单壁碳纳米管（SWCNT）和羟基化多壁碳纳米管（MCWNT-OH）对锦鲫抗氧化防御系统的影响。 结果表明,锦鲫经28d不同质量浓度的SWCNT和MWCNT-OH（0,10,100和1000μg/L）暴露后,暴露组14d鳃组织切片检查发现出现鳃动脉瘤、鳃细胞水肿、畸形生长等病理症状;然而在2种碳纳米管低浓度暴露下,锦鲫的肝脏切片没有观察到损伤,高浓度时肝脏有轻微空泡损伤。暴露期间锦鲫没有死亡,随着暴露天数的增加,2种碳纳米管都能对SOD和CAT酶产生抑制作用,高浓度组抑制明显,肝脏抗氧化系统受到损伤。指出,虽然碳纳米管的毒性较低,但其长期暴露对鱼类的影响仍需进一步关注。     

Eco-Environmental Degradation in the Source Region of the Yellow River, Northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China and the cradle of the Chinese civilization. The source region of the Yellow River is the most important water holding area for the Yellow River, about 49.2% of the whole runoff comes from this region. However, for the special location, it is a region with most fragile eco-environment in China as well. Eco-environmental degradation in the source region of the Yellow River has been a very serious ecological and socially economic problem. According to census data, historical documents and climatic information, during the last half century, especially the last 30 years, great changes have taken place in the eco-environment of this region. Such changes are mainly manifested in the temporal-spatial changes of water environment, deglaciation, permafrost reduction, vegetation degeneracy and desertification extent, which led to land capacity decreasing and river disconnecting. At present, desertification of the region is showing an accelerating tendency. This paper analyzes the present status of eco-environment degradation in this region supported by GIS and RS, as well as field investigation and indoor analysis, based on knowledge, multi-source data is gathered and the classification is worked out, deals with their natural and anthropogenic causes, and points out that in the last half century the desertification and environmental degradation of this region are mainly attributed to human activities under the background of regional climate changes. To halt further degradation of the environment of this region, great efforts should be made to use land resources rationally, develop advantages animal agriculture and protect the natural grassland.     

Comparison of Nitrate Levels in Raw Water and Finished Water from Historical Monitoring Data on Iowa Municipal Drinking Water Supplies

Nitrate contamination of water sources is a concern where large amounts of nitrogen fertilizers are regularly applied to soils. Ingested nitrate from dietary sources and drinking water can be converted to nitrite and ultimately to N-nitroso compounds, many of which are known carcinogens. Epidemiologic studies of drinking water nitrate and cancer report mixed findings; a criticism is the use of nitrate concentrations from retrospective drinking water data to assign exposure levels. Residential point-of-use nitrate data are scarce; gaps in historical data for municipal supply finished water hamper exposure classification efforts. We used generalized linear regression models to estimate and compare historical raw water and finished water nitrate levels (1960s--1990s) in single source Iowa municipal supplies to determine whether raw water monitoring data could supplement finished water data to improve exposure assessment. Comparison of raw water and finished water samples (same sampling date) showed a significant difference in nitrate levels in municipalities using rivers; municipalities using other surface water or alluvial groundwater had no difference in nitrate levels. A regional aggregation of alluvial groundwater municipalities was constructed based on results from a previous study showing regional differences in nitrate contamination of private wells; results from this analysis were mixed, dependent upon region and decade. These analyses demonstrate using historical raw water nitrate monitoring data to supplement finished water data for exposure assessment is appropriate for individual Iowa municipal supplies using alluvial groundwater, lakes or reservoirs. Using alluvial raw water data on a regional basis is dependent on region and decade.     

新型涂料在弹药储运环境防护中的运用研究

在分析了弹药储运过程中恶劣的电磁环境基础上,结合目前我军弹药用涂料的现状,探索了利用膨胀石墨蠕虫作为填料,以聚氨酯清漆作为粘结剂的新型涂料的防静电性能,分析了膨胀石墨蠕虫的膨胀体积、填料含量、涂层厚度与电阻率的关系,并论述了新型弹药用涂料的应用前景。     

拉萨河夏季氢氧同位素空间分布特征及分析

稳定同位素示踪技术是河流水文过程研究的重要方式,可以用来判定河流补给的来源、研究河流与其它水体相互作用、示踪水文循环过程等.本文采用TC/EA-IRMS分析法对拉萨河水体的氢氧同位素进行测定,分析了 δD和δ18O的含量及空间分布特征,并分析了拉萨河的同位素效应,包括与大气降水氢氧同位素的关系、氢氧同位素的沿程变化特征...     

基于CA的城市形态扩展多解模拟——以北京市东部平原区情景分析为例

构建了一个基于人工神经网络的约束型城市扩展CA模型。利用该模型,预测了北京市东部平原区在3种情景规划之下的未来50年的城市形态,为不同的城市发展模式之间的比较分析奠定基础。然后以2024年的北京东部平原区模拟城市形态为基准,从自然生态功效、社会服务功效、经济利益功效3个方面对3种规划模式进行了情景分析,从而系统的比较了3种规划模式的复合生态功效,为城市规划决策提供有力的支持。     

我国危险废物特性鉴别技术体系研究

详细深入地调查分析了国外危险废物鉴别技术体系的特点和适用条件,以及我国危险废物管理的特点.在借鉴国内外经验与教训的基础上,提出了我国危险废物特性鉴别的技术路线及危险废物鉴别的环境保护目标,建立了危险废物鉴别技术的方法学.在充分研究的基础上,编制完成了全新的<国家危险废物名录>和<危险废物鉴别标准>,以及相应的规范和方法标准.这些技术文件形成了我国独特、完整的危险废物鉴别技术体系,为全面开展危险废物无害化管理提供了有力的技术支持.      

光电催化降解壬基酚影响因素研究

采用sol-gel法制备TiO2薄膜光电极,以该电极为工作电极,铂丝作对电极,饱和甘汞电极为参比电极,对壬基酚的光电催化降解进行了研究。结果表明:该电极具有n型半导体的特征行为。在外加偏压为+0.8V、pH=5、、30mg/L的H2O2中对初始浓度为20mg/L的壬基酚溶液光照180min降解率达62.22%。讨论了氧的存在、外加偏压、pH等因素对光电催化反应的影响。     

硝化悬浮填料塔中氨氧化细菌群落稳定性特征分析

利用PCR-DGGE分析技术,对于化学生物絮凝处理工艺中悬浮填料塔的氨氧化细菌(AOB)群落进行了研究。主要考察了曝气强度和水力停留时间2个运行参数调整的情况下,系统AOB群落结构的变化。生物膜样品直接取自硝化填料塔,多维尺度(MDS)方法用于DGGE电泳图谱的分析,分析结果以二维图形向量的方式显示,结果表明,曝气强度和水力停留时间均对AOB群落有一定的影响,主要的AOB种类在运行过程中基本不变,系统对于运行条件具有良好的稳定性。