Co-composting solid biowastes with alkaline materials to enhance carbon stabilization and revegetation potential

Co-composting biowastes such as manures and biosolids can be used to stabilize carbon (C) without impacting the quality of these biowastes. This study investigated the effect of co-composting biowastes with alkaline materials on C stabilization and monitored the fertilization and revegetation values of these co-composts. The stabilization of C in biowastes (poultry manure and biosolids) was examined by their composting in the presence of various alkaline amendments (lime, fluidized bed boiler ash, flue gas desulphurization gypsum, and red mud) for 6 months in a controlled environment. The effects of co-composting on the biowastes’ properties were assessed for different physical C fractions, microbial biomass C, priming effect, potentially mineralizable nitrogen, bioavailable phosphorus, and revegetation of an urban landfill soil. Co-composting biowastes with alkaline materials increased C stabilization, attributed to interaction with alkaline materials, thereby protecting it from microbial decomposition. The co-composted biowastes also increased the fertility of the landfill soil, thereby enhancing its revegetation potential. Stabilization of biowastes using alkaline materials through co-composting maintains their fertilization value in terms of improving plant growth. The co-composted biowastes also contribute to long-term soil C sequestration and reduction of bioavailability of heavy metals.     

基于GIS分析的生态清洁小流域治理思路——以陕西省石泉县饶峰河小流域为例

生态清洁小流域建设对于维护重要水源区水生态安全具有极其重要的意义。以汉江上游的陕西省石泉县饶峰河小流域为研究对象,在对该小流域自然因素和社会经济因素进行调查的基础上,采用GIS空间分析方法,对该小流域治理区域进行精细划分。研究表明饶峰河小流域可划分7个不同的治理区域,分别为:生态修复区、坡耕地修复区、坡面治理区、坡耕地治理区、农田治理区、村镇综合治理区及河(沟)道周边整治区。根据各区域的污染产生特点,针对性地提出各区域治理方向,并进行治理措施配置。该研究可为生态清洁小流域精准治理提供一种新的建设思路。     

基于混合生命周期方法的私人电动汽车温室气体排放研究

近年来,电动汽车因其在行驶过程中无任何尾气排放,被各国政府视为推动交通部门清洁、低碳发展的重要途径,主要发达国家纷纷推出了各自的电动汽车发展战略。但是,由于电力属于二次能源,其上游电力生产阶段的能源消费是否清洁将对电动汽车的减排效果产生重要影响。考虑到目前中国绝大部分电力源于煤炭,电动汽车是否真正有益于减排还有待进一步验证。目前一些专家和学者基于传统的过程生命周期评价方法对电动汽车的能源消费、温室气体排放做了一些研究,但研究结果差异较大。为了对电动汽车的减排效果进行更精确的研究,本文采用混合生命周期方法对电动汽车的能源消费、温室气体排放进行了计算。同时,在考虑电动汽车的燃料生命周期、车辆制造生命周期的基础上,将相关配套充电设施建设生命周期纳入到电动汽车的全生命周期系统边界内,以使对电动汽车全生命周期的研究结果更加完整、精确。研究结果显示,纯电动汽车并非是"零排放"的,在燃料周期,虽然纯电动汽车的单位里程能源消费强度较小,约为传统汽油车的94.6%,但以煤为主的高碳电力结构导致目前纯电动汽车燃料周期的单位里程温室气体排放强度约为传统汽油车的1.12倍;车辆周期内,纯电动汽车的能源消费和温室气体排放量也略高于传统汽油车;此外,配套充电设施的建设也将增加纯电动汽车全生命周期的能源消费和温室气体排放量。综合燃料、车辆及充电设备的全生命周期,在当前的电源结构及技术条件下,电动汽车虽然具有较高的能源效率和较好的石油替代效果,但其全生命周期内的煤炭消费较高,导致其温室气体排放量高于传统汽油车,在当前的情况下大规模发展电动汽车并不利于温室气体减排。     

集抄系统电表变更识别和故障诊断研究综述

针对由于用户电表及设备档案变更、损坏、通信故障等因素导致集抄系统数据采集成功率和质量出现的问题,对集抄系统路由方法和集抄系统故障诊断方法的新进展进行综述。研究结果表明:(1)利用电力线载波路由算法并构建新的网络结构模型,将复杂的电力线通信网络拓扑转化成简单清晰的网络拓扑,解决集抄系统电表更换识别问题;(2)将数据挖掘技术和专家系统相结合,开发基于数据挖掘的故障诊断专家系统,使集抄系统故障诊断智能化,提高数据采集的质量;是未来需要进一步研究的课题。     

TEV、UT、UHF技术在开关柜局部放电检测中的应用

针对10kV开关柜局部放电问题,为排除干扰,准确判断开关柜局部放电类型和放电点位置,提出采用暂态地电位(transient earth voltage, TEV)、超声波(ultrasonic test, UT)、特高频(ultra high frequency, UHF)技术进行联合检测的方法,并在现场实测工作中进行了应用和验证。结果表明:该联合方法对开关柜设备缺陷的检测与定位非常有效,提高了开关柜局部放电检测的准确性和有效性。     

The impacts of Robinia pseudoacacia litter cover and roots on soil erosion in the Loess Plateau,China

The impacts of vegetation on soil erosion are closely associated with the combined effects of above- and below-ground components. In this study, we explore the effects and contributions of Robinia pseudoacacia litter cover and roots on soil erosion. Experiment sites under natural conditions with vegetation cover, plant roots and bare ground plots were investigated for overland flow discharges of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0?L?s^?1 and slope gradients of 8.7%, 17.6%, 26.8%, 36.4% and 46.6%. Results indicate that litter cover and roots have a significant impact on sediment reduction; soil loss was reduced by about 57% and plant roots had a greater impact on the reduction of soil erosion than litter cover. The combination of litter cover and plant roots had a significant effect on decreasing K_r, increasing τ_c and consequently strengthening soil resistance capacity to erosion. When plants and roots existed on the slopes, K_r decreased by 81% and 66%, and τ_c increased by 319% and 246%, respectively, in comparison with bare slopes. These results illustrate the importance of high-forest in controlling soil erosion by quantifying the specific contributions of litter cover and plant roots in erosion reduction in the Loess Plateau.     

异形柱组合框架结构力学性能有限元对比分析

对钢筋混凝土异形柱承载力低、轴压比限值低、节点薄弱和抗震性能不理想等特点,将异形柱分别与型钢混凝土结构和钢管混凝土结构相结合,基于OpenSees建立三层两跨平面实腹式异形柱中框架模型,进行静力推覆分析和滞回性能分析,通过改变轴压比参数,获得结构滞回曲线和骨架曲线,进一步分析其承载力、延性和耗能等相关力学特性。研究结果表明:同钢筋混凝土异形柱框架相比,型钢混凝土异形柱框架和钢管混凝土异形柱框架的承载力和延性均有提高;随着轴压比增大,两种异形柱框架的弹性刚度基本不变,但荷载一顶点位移曲线下降段越陡而导致延性降低;同样配筋率下,钢管混凝土异形柱框架的承载力和延性均高于型钢混凝土异形柱框架,并且可以提高施工速度;相关研究成果可为科研和工程设计提供研究参考。     

Enhancing the Ability of a Soil Moisture‐based Index for Agricultural Drought Monitoring by Incorporating Root Distribution

Agricultural drought differs from meteorological, hydrological, and socioeconomic drought, being closely related to soil water availability in the root zone, specifically for crop and crop growth stage. In previous studies, several soil moisture indices (e.g., the soil moisture index, soil water deficit index) based on soil water availability have been developed for agricultural drought monitoring. However, when developing these indices, it was generally assumed that soil water availability to crops was equal throughout the root zone, and the effects of root distribution and crop growth stage on soil water uptake were ignored. This article aims to incorporate root distribution into a soil moisture‐based index and to evaluate the performance of the improved soil moisture index for agricultural drought monitoring. The Huang‐Huai‐Hai Plain of China was used as the study area. Overall, soil moisture indices were significantly correlated with the crop moisture index (CMI), and the improved root‐weighted soil moisture index (RSMI) was more closely related to the CMI than averaged soil moisture indices. The RSMI correctly identified most of the observed drought events and performed well in the detection of drought levels. Furthermore, the RSMI had a better performance than averaged soil moisture indices when compared to crop yield. In conclusion, soil moisture indices could improve agricultural drought monitoring by incorporating root distribution.     

次贷危机影响下我国能源生产态势预测

基于能源生产总量增长率经验模态分解提取的特征因素,揭示了金融危机、能源政策、经济周期和能源生产自身发展规律对能源生产总量增长率演进特征的影响和作用机理.依据1997年亚洲金融危机对我国能源生产总量增长率影响的实际情况.从金融危机和能源政策层面,对1997年亚洲金融危机与2007年美国次贷危机背景下,我国能源生产发展态势进行了翔实的对比分析,得出2007年金融危机会加剧我国已经下滑的能源生产总量增长率趋势,但相应出台的能源政策对能源生产发展的影响时效长、作用力大.在一定程度上能熨平金融危机对能源生产发展带来的不利影响,最后给出2008年至2010年我国能源生产总量增长率小幅调整,但能源生产总量仍缓慢增长的发展态势预测.     

武汉市夏季湖泊水体理化指标主成份和聚类分析

为深入了解湖泊水体理化因子的变化规律,为湖泊渔业和湖泊水质管理提供基础数据,于2007年夏季测定了武汉市梁子湖、斧头湖、柴泊湖、〖JP2〗南湖和野芷湖5个养殖湖泊的TN、NH+4 N、NO-2 N、NO-3 N、TP、〖JP〗PO3-4 P、DO、pH、CODMn、WT、SD和EC,应用SPSS软件,对测定结果从事了主成份分析和聚类分析。主成份分析结果表明,3个主成份分别为营养环境因子（包括TN、NO-2 N、NO-3 N、TP、pH、CODMn和EC）、生存因子（DC）和铵吸收因子（NH+4 N）。Q型聚类结果表明,5个湖泊的13个点可聚为4大类,即第1类为9、10、11、12、13号点;第2类是1、2、4号点;第3类是5、6、7、8号点;第4类是3号点。可将5个湖泊分为3类,即斧头湖和梁子湖为一类,柴泊湖为一类,野芷湖和南湖为一类。这一结果是城市废水、生活污水和养殖生产所致。