水库地震的地震动特性

利用新丰江、黄壁庄、喀什、龙羊峡、官厅、刘家峡和陡河等水库地震的近场地面运动资料，给出了水库地震地震动的峰值加速度衰减关系、频谱特性和持续时间。分析结果表明，较：天然地震而言，水库地震的地面运动峰值加速度高，衰减快；地震动反应谱特征频率高，持续时间短；场地卓越周期以坚硬基岩的最短，硬土次之，软土最长。研究得到的水库地震的地震动衰减关系和频谱特性可为水工结构的抗震设计和加固提供借鉴。     

液化气球罐应力腐蚀开裂试验研究

由于炼制进口高硫原油,在炼油球罐检验中发现越来越多的内表面应力腐蚀裂纹。对球罐应力腐蚀开裂的原因和主要影响因素进行分析。从液化石油气球罐的安全性出发,采用线弹性断裂力学方法,针对16MnR和SPV50Q球罐所用钢材,在分析湿硫化氢环境下应力腐蚀开裂形式的基础上,通过改进的WOL预裂纹试样的应力腐蚀开裂试验,对不同球罐所用钢材、不同硫化氢浓度、不同焊接状态条件下的应力腐蚀开裂进行研究,并对设备所采用的材料、所处的介质浓度、材料的热处理状况等进行分析,并提出了防止对策。该方法也适用于液化石油气球罐应力腐蚀开裂,以预测事故的发生。     

Removal of high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soil by biodiesel

Solubilizing experiments were carried out to evaluate the ability of biodiesel to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from highly contaminated manufactured gas plant (MGP) and PAHs spiked soils with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) and tween 80 as comparisons. Biodiesel displayed the highest solubilities of phenanthrene (420.7 mg·L⁻¹), pyrene (541.0 mg·L⁻¹), and benzo(a)pyrene (436.3 mg·L⁻¹). These corresponded to several fold increases relative to 10% HPCD and tween 80. Biodiesel showed a good efficiency for PAH removal from the spiked and MGP soils for both low molecular weight and high molecular weight PAHs at high concentrations. Biodiesel was the best agent for PAH removal from the spiked soils as compared with HPCD and tween 80; as over 77.9% of individual PAH were removed by biodiesel. Tween 80 also showed comparable capability with biodiesel for PAH solubilization at a concentration of 10% for the spiked soils. Biodiesel solubilized a wider range of PAHs as compared to HPCD and tween 80 for the MPG soils. At PAH concentrations of 229.6 and 996.9 mg·kg⁻¹, biodiesel showed obvious advantage over the 10% HPCD and tween 80, because it removed higher than 80% of total PAH. In this study, a significant difference between PAH removals from the spiked and field MGP soils was observed; PAH removals from the MGP soil by HPCD and tween 80 were much lower than those from the spiked soil. These results demonstrate that the potential for utilizing biodiesel for remediation of highly PAH-contaminated soil has been established.     

Modelling impacts of alternative farming management practices on greenhouse gas emissions from a winter wheat–maize rotation system in China

Agricultural production plays an important role in affecting atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Field measurements were conducted in Quzhou County, Hebei Province in the North China Plains to quantify carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from a winter wheat–maize rotation field, a common cropping system across the Chinese agricultural regions. The observed flux data in conjunction with the local climate, soil and management information were utilized to test a process-based model, Denitrification–Decomposition or DNDC, for its applicability for the cropping system. The validated DNDC was then used for predicting impacts of three management alternatives (i.e., no-till, increased crop residue incorporation and reduced fertilizer application rate) on CO₂ and N₂O emissions from the target field. Results from the simulations indicated that (1) CO₂ emissions were significantly affected by temperature, initial SOC, tillage method, and quantity and quality of the organic matter added in the soils; (2) increases in temperature, initial SOC, total fertilizer N input, and manure amendment substantially increased N₂O emissions; and (3) temperature, initial SOC, tillage, and quantity and quality of the organic matter added in the soil all had significant effects on global warming. Finally, five 50-year scenarios were simulated with DNDC to predict their long-term impacts on crop yield, soil C dynamics, nitrate leaching losses, and N₂O emissions. The modelled results suggested that implementation of manure amendment or crop residue incorporation instead of increased fertilizer application rates would more efficiently mitigate GHG emissions from the tested agro-ecosystem. The multi-impacts provided a sound basis for comprehensive assessments on the management alternatives.     

全程自养脱氮系统中氨氧化菌关键种群的变迁

全程自养脱氮是在高铵氮低溶氧条件下完全由自养菌群作用而将水中氮素脱除的现象。特异性扩增16SrDNA上的氨氧化菌特异的CTO基因片段,建立克隆文库并进行系统发育学分析,考察全程自养脱氮系统菌群驯化及退化过程中氨氧化菌的结构组成和其中关键种群的变迁,结果表明:在驯化过程中Nitrosospira属细菌和Nitrosomonas oligotropha细菌逐渐被能够耐受高氨氮低溶氧的Nitrosomonas europaea细菌所代替,后者可能是全程自养脱氮系统氨氧化步骤的主要参与者,而氨氧化菌的菌群演变可能并不是后来系统退化的原因。     

Stimulation of gaseous phosphine production from Antarctic seabird guanos and ornithogenic soils

Matrix-bound phosphine (MBP) is a general term used to indicate non-gaseous reduced phosphorus compounds that are transformed into phosphine gas upon reaction with bases or acids. Antarctic seabird guanos and ornithogenic soils were used as materials to compare the different digestion methods for transforming matrix-bound phosphine into phosphine gas. The results demonstrated that more phosphine gas in most of Antarctic environmental materials was formed of matrix-bound phosphine by caustic digestion than by acidic digestion. The comparative study on different digestion methods also revealed that the fraction of MBP converted to gaseous phosphine during the digestion depended on the temperature. The optimal digestion temperature was close to 70℃ and the optimal digestion time was about 20 min. Acidic conditions were more favorable for the release of matrix-bound phosphine compared to the central[u1] conditions. The proper additional water dilution can increase the production and emission of phosphine from the Antarctic penguin guanos.     

混凝pH对水中溶解态有机物去除影响研究

在实验室条件下,选用常用混凝剂对四种水样进行了混凝处理试验研究,主要研究了混凝pH对水中溶解态有机物的去除影响.试验结果表明,混凝pH对混凝处理去除水中溶解态有机物的影响较大,特别是含腐殖酸类有机物较多的水质,通过将混凝pH控制在酸性条件下,可以获得较高的有机物去除率.     

天鹅洲长江故道沉积物柱状样中有机氯农药高分辨率沉积记录

采用GC-ECD测定了天鹅洲长江故道沉积物柱状样中有机氯农药的含量,探讨了有机氯农药的垂直分布特征,结合210Pb同位素定年分析研究该地区有机氯农药的污染历史.研究表明:20种有机氯农药均有检出,总有机氯农药含量范围为1.19～333.67 ng/g(干重),平均值为62.54 ng/g;20世纪60年代末期为该区有机氯农药使用的高峰期,1972年长江截弯取直使来自长江所携颗粒物的污染沉积有所减少,自我国禁用有机氯农药后维持多年较低含量水平,其农药主要为历史残留,至2004年湖区可能仍有部分新的有机氯农药污染物如林丹的输入.     

湖南宁乡Ⅴ号岩管煌斑岩的岩石地球化学特征

湖南宁乡钾镁煌斑岩是寻找湖南原生金刚石矿床的重要线索之一.本文通过对宁乡Ⅴ号煌斑岩岩管岩石地球化学的分析及其与其它地区钾镁煌斑岩的对比,确定宁乡Ⅴ号岩管煌斑岩与前人所研究的宁乡钾镁煌斑岩特征基本一致.但与西澳典型含金刚石的钾镁煌斑岩相比,其SiO2、Al2O3、MnO的含量较高,MgO、TiO2、K2O含量较低,这可能与钾镁煌斑岩的岩浆来源及演化过程有关,显示其地幔源区来源相对于西澳钾镁煌斑岩的源区较为富集.     

中肋骨条藻与锥状斯氏藻藻际细菌溶藻效应研究

通过向对数生长期的中肋骨条藻和锥状斯氏藻培养体系中分别加入体积分数1%和10%的2216E培养基,以未加入培养基的对照组和10%无菌组作为对照,研究藻际细菌的溶藻效应.结果表明,对照组、1%组及10%无菌组的中肋骨条藻和锥状斯氏藻生长未受抑制,而10%组的中肋骨条藻和锥状斯氏藻生长则受到显著的抑制(p0.001),在第96h时,藻细胞几乎都被裂解,藻细胞数、叶绿素a含量及叶绿素荧光效率(Fv/Fm)显著低于对照组、1%组及10%无菌组(p0.001),表明藻际细菌具有抑制微藻生长的作用.在整个溶藻过程中,中肋骨条藻10%组细菌丰度增加了约250倍,锥状斯氏藻10%组藻际细菌丰度增加了约300倍,藻际细菌丰度的剧增可能是溶藻的主要原因.作为溶藻效果的评价指标,叶绿素荧光效率要优于细胞形态的改变、藻细胞数量的变化及叶绿素a含量,是较理想的溶藻检验指标.