氧化铝负载镧去除水中F-的研究

通过固相反应合成了氧化铝负载的氧化镧吸附剂并研究了其对水中F-的吸附.结果表明.合成的材料对F-有很好的去除效果,最大吸附量达到53.4 mg·g-1;适当提高吸附温度和氧化镧负载量都能在一定范围内提高吸附量;较低的固相反应焙烧温度有利于提高去除率,随着焙烧温度的升高,吸附量从170℃焙烧的42.2 mg·g-1下降到了350℃焙烧的32.9 mg·g-1.同时,吸附剂表现出了很好的适应性,在较宽的pH范围内都能保持较高的吸附量.     

高分子重金属絮凝剂MAPEI处理含汞废水

以聚乙烯亚胺、巯基乙酸为原料,通过酰胺化反应合成了一种新型高分子重金属絮凝剂--巯基乙酰聚乙烯亚胺(MAPEI),研究其处理含汞废水的性能,并对几个影响因素进行了考察.实验结果表明:①该絮凝剂对Hg2+有很好的捕集功能,其中2万分子量的MAPEI去除率最高;②pH值会影响Hg2+的去除;③碱金属和碱土金属离子对Hg2+的去除有促进作用;④C1-、NO3-可促进对Hg2+的去除,而SO2/4-对Hg2+的去除有抑制作用;⑤Hg2+和致浊物质共存时,会相互促进彼此的去除;⑥Hg2+和致浊物质共存时,MAPEI对Hg2+的去除率比TGA的去除率高.     

活性炭滤池中微生物特征及其对溶解性有机碳的去除作用

采用异养菌总数计数（HPC）法检测了北京地区J水厂活性炭滤池中微生物量,并分析了活性炭滤池进出水中有机物的组成、活性炭的吸附作用及微生物作用对溶解性有机碳(DOC)去除的贡献率.结果表明,不同炭龄、不同运行周期活性炭滤池中的微生物量有显著的差异.由于溶解性可生物降解有机碳（BDOC）占溶解性有机碳（DOC）的比例较小,且受微生物数量、活性等因素的影响,微生物对DOC的去除效果极为有限,在1.5年和5年炭龄活性炭滤池中对DOC的去除率仅占总去除率的18.8%和26.4%.此外,微生物对较为敏感的嗅味物质2-MIB和geosmin去除作用也不显著,去除率在15%以下（初始浓度为100ng·L-1）;在使用5年活性炭滤池中,微生物对2-MIB和geosmin去除率为12%和14%,分别占总去除率的32%和29%.因此,北京地区地表水净水厂活性炭滤池中微生物对有机物控制的贡献率较低,对DOC的去除主要以活性炭的吸附为主.     

Examination of in vivo mutagenicity of sodium arsenite and dimethylarsinic acid in gpt delta rats

Arsenic is a well-known human bladder and liver carcinogen, but its exact mechanism of carcinogenicity is not fully understood. Dimethylarsinic acid(DMAV) is a major urinary metabolite of sodium arsenite(i As~Ⅲ) and induces urinary bladder cancers in rats. DMAVand i As~Ⅲare negative in in vitro mutagenicity tests. However, their in vivo mutagenicities have not been determined. The purpose of present study is to evaluate the in vivo mutagenicities of DMAVand i As~Ⅲin rat urinary bladder epithelium and liver using gpt delta F344 rats.Ten-week old male gpt delta F344 rats were randomized into 3 groups and administered 0,92 mg/L DMAV, or 87 mg/L i As~Ⅲ(each 50 mg/L As) for 13 weeks in the drinking water. In the mutation assay, point mutations are detected in the gpt gene by 6-thioguanine selection(gpt assay) and deletion mutations are identified in the red/gam genes by Spi-selection(Spi-assay). Results of the gpt and Spi-assays showed that DMAVand i As~Ⅲhad no effects on the mutant frequencies or mutation spectrum in urinary bladder epithelium or liver. These findings indicate that DMAVand i As~Ⅲare not mutagenic in urinary bladder epithelium or liver in rats.     

洪湖、梁子湖水体富营养化研究

2015年3月对洪湖、梁子湖进行了水质监测。依据实测数据,结合洪湖湿地自然保护区和梁子湖林业局监测数据和文献数据,采用综合营养状态指数法对洪湖、梁子湖的富营养化状态进行评价;并根据各因子在综合营养状态指数中所占比重和地表水水质标准,对各因子做了比较。结果表明:洪湖、梁子湖综合营养状态指数分别为57.2、42.5。即洪湖为轻度富营养、梁子湖为中营养;各因子对洪湖、梁子湖富营养化的贡献大致相同,即Chla为首,TP、COD_(Mn)和SD次之、TN最后。     

强降雨对胶州湾浮游动物群落结构的影响

2012年8月2日台风达维登陆青岛,青岛市降大到暴雨(平均降水量69.9 mm)。为研究此次强降雨对胶州湾浮游动物群落结构的影响,本文利用降雨前(7月17日)和暴雨后(8月5日)采集的浮游动物样品,分析了胶州湾海域大中型浮游动物的种类组成、优势种、丰度和生物多样性等群落结构特征变化。结果表明:强降雨前后胶州湾浮游动物的种类数均为51种,但受强降雨带来的剧烈物理冲击和海洋环境快速改变的影响,强降雨后胶州湾浮游动物的平均丰度由1003.4 ind/m3下降为659.4 ind/m3。受海域地形等因素影响,不同海域所受影响程度不同,海湾东部浮游动物丰度下降趋势较西部明显,中部较湾口下降明显。同时,强降雨后浮游动物优势种更替明显,生物多样性指数略有增长。本研究可为深入了解异常极端天气对浮游动物群落结构的影响等研究提供基础资料。     

Case Study Comparing Multiple Irrigated Land Datasets in Arizona and Colorado,USA

While there are currently a number of irrigated land datasets available for the western United States (U.S.), there is uncertainty regarding in how they relate to each other. To help understand the characteristics of available irrigated datasets, we compared (1) the Cropland Data Layer (CDL), (2) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Irrigated Agriculture Dataset (IAD), (3) Digitized Irrigated Land (DIL), and (4) Consumptive Use for Irrigation (CUI) data in Arizona and Colorado, U.S. These datasets were derived from multiple sources at various spatial resolutions and temporal scales. We found spatial and temporal trends among all of them. The datasets showed decreases in irrigated land area in Arizona during the 2000–2010 time period. The change ranges and ratios were similar in all Arizona datasets. Irrigated land in Colorado decreased in DIL and CUI but increased in IAD and CDL. The agreement within the same type of dataset during different time periods was from 60% to 80% (R² from 0.35 to 0.72) in Arizona and from 50% to 80% (R² from 0.23 to 0.68) in Colorado. DIL had the highest agreement (80%) in both states. The agreement among different datasets acquired at approximately the same time frame ranged from 51% to 63% (R² from 0.14 to 0.31) in Arizona and from 47% to 69% (R² from 0.32 to 0.40) in Colorado. The results from this study support a greater understanding of the multiresolution and multitemporal nature of these datasets for various applications.     

珠江三角洲新垦大气核化速率研究

计算了珠江三角洲新垦地区的大气核化速率,对核化机制及核化速率计算的影响因素进行了分析. 基于PRIDE-PRD2004观测实验期间新垦站点的气溶胶数浓度谱分布观测数据,计算出3 nm粒子的表观形成速率. 根据表观形成速率与核化速率之间的关系式,分析了1 nm粒径临界核的大气核化速率. 结果表明,新粒子事件期间3 nm粒子的表观形成速率为7.2～9.4 cm^-3·s^-1,1 nm临界核的大气核化速率为7.65×10²～1.14×10⁵ cm^-3,与前体物硫酸蒸气浓度比较一致,气态硫酸应是主要的核化前体物. 新垦地区背景气溶胶中积聚模态对碰并汇贡献较大,事件期间气溶胶数浓度变化对核化速率计算结果影响不大. 本研究获取了新垦核化速率信息,有助于进一步了解核化机制. 由于成核临界粒径的不确定性对核化速率计算结果影响很大,确定成核临界粒径对核化速率计算十分重要.     

基于GM(1,1)模型群的阿什河氨氮浓度的预测研究

依据灰色系统理论,以2000年-2009年10年阿什河入江口断面枯水期氨氮浓度构造了一个由6个GM(1,1)模型组成的灰色动态模型群,并运用该模型群对其变化趋势进行了预测分析,得到令人满意的结果。研究表明,灰色动态模型群法能够充分利用近期水质资料信息预测未来水质变化趋势;以模型群统计平均值作为最终预测值,避免了单一灰色模型容易利用不稳定信息的缺陷,使得预测精度更加准确,预测结果更为可信。     

我国公众灾害教育研究综述

面向公众的灾害教育是防灾减灾工作中的重要一环。通过对公众灾害教育相关研究梳理,明确其概况、实施途径,在此基础上提出策略促进其开展,进而提高全民防灾素养。