县、乡村防灾减灾系统工程

根据县、乡村的组织管理体系和所存在的防灾减灾问题 ,提出了建立县、乡村防灾减灾体系的构想。建议的县政府内设立“县防灾减灾 (中心 )协调办公室” ,组织实施县、乡村防灾减灾系统工程。从抓防灾减灾科普教育宣传入手 ,对全县、乡村灾害进行详细调查评估、监测预报 ,在此基础上有计划地选择小流域和重要灾害点进行治理 ,逐步达到全面推进防灾减灾工作的目的。     

汾酒厂污水处理工程的扩建

因污水量增加,汾酒厂污水处理站于 2 0 0 1年扩建。建成后污水站处理能力达 80 0 0m3 d。扩建部分不仅工艺流程与原系统相同,而且充分挖掘原有构、建筑物的潜力。该处理工艺技术成熟,运行稳定,出水水质优于设计要求     

载体制备方法对贵金属催化剂Ru/ZrO2催化湿式氧化性能的影响

蒸煮处理水合氢氧化锆制备了ZrO20A;将水合氢氧化锆静置过夜制得ZrO2-B;以此两种载体通过初湿浸渍法制得Ru／ZrO2催化剂．在BET测试中,ZrO2-A载体及其相应催化剂的比表面积远高于ZrO2-B载体及相应催化剂．TPR表明Ru／ZrO2-A中Ru的分散性更好,金属与载体的相互作用更为紧密．以苯酚和乙酸水溶液为模拟废水进行催化剂的评价,结果表明,Ru／ZrO2-A无论是在反应活性还是稳定性上均优于Ru／ZrO2-B．     

庐山上的如意草

耸立于中华大地的庐山,有着谜一样的境界。梦一般的画图。有人这样描绘庐山四季的景象：“春如梦,夏如滴,秋如醉,冬如玉”。第一次登上崔嵬突兀,苍翠葱茏的庐山．正是那样一个“春如梦”的日子。我们上山那会儿,天是阴沉着的,不知从哪里飘来那么多的雾,轻轻地罩住了我们。     

The Status of Pesticide Residues in the Drinking Water Sources in Meiliangwan Bay, Taihu Lake of China

The study was carried out to assess the levels of pesticide residues in the water of Meiliangwan Bay, Taihu Lake of China. The most commonly employed organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) and herbicide atrazine were analyzed. The water samples were collected seasonally from Meiliangwan Bay within a period of one year. The pesticides were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) with μECD or NPD after solid-phase extraction (SPE), which was confirmed by GC with an ion trap mass spectrometry (MS). The mean concentrations were 1.98 ng/l for lindane, 0.378 ng/l for heptachlor epoxide, 0.367 ng/l for p,p′-DDE, 0.496 ng/l for p,p′-DDD, 1.06 ng/l for p,p′-DDT and 51.6 ng/l for dichlorvos, 39.0 ng/l for demeton, 346 ng/l for dimethoate, 4.12 ng/l for methyl parathion, 11.6 ng/l for malathion, 2.17 ng/l for parathion and 217 ng/l for atrazine. Generally, low concentrations of OCP were found, whereas the concentrations of the OPPs and atrazine in the water of Taihu Lake were relatively high. Heptachlor epoxide and lindane were the two most commonly encountered OCPs while dichlorvos, demeton and dimethoate were found to have much higher concentrations and occurrences than other OPPs.     

三维电极法处理含钴、锰废水

采用三维电极法对工业精对苯二甲酸(PTA)装置产生的含钴、锰废水进行处理.通过与传统二维电极法的处理效果进行比较,论证了三维电极法脱除Co2+,Mn2+的优越性.探究了填料类型、极板间电压、粒子电极填充比(粒子电极质量(g)与废水体积(mL)的比)、极板间距等工艺参数对Co2+,Mn2+脱除率的影响.实验结果表明,适宜...     

改性蒙脱石-壳聚糖絮凝剂处理造纸废水

将改性蒙脱石(MM)和壳聚糖(CTS)制成MM-CTS新型复合絮凝剂,对造纸废水进行絮凝处理.实验结果表明,当MM-CTS的加入量为0.10 mg/L、m(MM):m(CTS):40:1、pH=8.0、搅拌速率为140 r/min、沉降时间为15 min时,絮凝效果最佳,对造纸废水的COD去除率达66.35%,较传统絮凝剂的COD去除率提高了13.7%,药剂成本下降11.1%,具有明显的经济与环境效益.     

Rheology of Concentrated Cellulose Solutions in 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride

Rheological behavior of the concentrated cellulose/1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl) solutions was investigated. As polymeric fluid, solutions of cellulose in [BMIM]Cl display a marked elastic behavior under shear flow. The dependence of the shear viscosity η, and of the dynamic modulus, on concentration, average degree of polymerization (DP) and temperature is discussed. At lower concentrations and degrees of polymerization (DP), cellulose solutions show viscous, inelastic behavior at low frequencies and low shear rate. At higher concentration and DP, cellulose solutions are more elastic at higher frequencies and shear rate. Such solutions also have some usual rheological properties. The dynamic rheological responses revealed that the Cox–Merz rule did not hold for these cellulose solutions at high deformation rate. Plotting storage modulus G′ against loss modulus G″ gave almost a master curve which is independent of temperature and concentration, with the slope of about 1.651 for 10 wt% cellulose solutions. This value indicates the existence of microheterogeneity in the solution system.     

Adsorption of lambda-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin on two typical Chinese soils as affected by copper

Background, aim, and scope  Pesticides and heavy metals pollution in soil environment has become a serious problem in many countries including China. Repeated applications of bordeaux mixture (a blend of copper sulfate and calcium hydroxide) and pyrethroid (Pys) insecticides have led to elevated copper (Cu) and Pys concentrations in vineyard surface soils. However, few studies focused on the interaction of Pys and heavy metals in the soil environment. Our previous studies had indicated the combined effect of cypermethrin (CPM) and Cu on soil catalase activity. Also, we had suggested that the addition of Cu could catalyze photo-degradation of CPM and lambda-cyhalothrin (λ-CHT) in aqueous solution and restrain their degradation in soil. To better understand the potential influence of Cu on the fate of Pys in the soil environment, the aim of the present work was to examine the effect of Cu on the adsorption of λ-CHT and CPM on two typical Chinese soils with different soil characteristics, which was one of the key processes controlling the fate of Pys, and to provide more information about the potential ecological risk of chemicals on the soil ecosystem. Fourier transform infrared and point charges analysis using the MOPAC program of the Gaussian system were also used to reveal the probable adsorption mechanism of λ-CHT and CPM on soils. Materials and methods  Two vineyard soils with different properties were chosen as experimental samples. They were sampled from 0 to 10 cm, dried, and sieved to 2 mm. Each soil was spiked with copper sulfate solution to obtain the following total soil Cu concentrations: 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 mg·kg⁻¹. The treated soils were incubated for 2 weeks and then dried at 20°C. For each soil sample and at each soil Cu concentration, the adsorption of λ-CHT and CPM was measured using a batch equilibrium method. The concentration of λ-CHT was determined by HPLC, and the amount of λ-CHT and CPM adsorbed by the soil sample at equilibrium was determined by the difference between the initial and equilibrium concentrations in solution corrected by the blank adsorption measurement. Results  Without the addition of Cu, the adsorption of λ-CHT and CPM on Black soil is greater than that on Red soil, while the adsorption of λ-CHT on both soils is significantly stronger than that of CPM. As the soil Cu concentration increased from 19 (or 18; background) to 1,600 mg·kg⁻¹, the adsorption coefficient (K _d) of λ-CHT decreased from 12.2 to 5.9 L·kg⁻¹ for Red soil, and from 26.1 to 16.8 L·kg⁻¹ for Black soil, whereas the CPM adsorption coefficient in both soils decreased nearly by 100% (K _d decreased from 9.4 to 0.2 L·kg⁻¹ for Red soil and from 16.2 to 0.5 L·kg⁻¹ for Black soil). Discussion  Pys adsorption is a surface phenomenon which depends on the surface area and the organic matter content. Thus, the Black soil, having higher organic matter and greater surface area than that of the Red soil, show greater adsorption affinity to λ-CHT and CPM. In our study, the different adsorption affinity of the two Pys was obtained, which was probably attributed to differences with respect to their physical–chemical properties. Further comparison upon the two Pys was conducted. The point charges of halogen atoms in the λ-CHT and CPM were calculated, the differences of which probably lead to the fact that λ-CHT has a stronger binding capacity to soils than CPM. Also, FTIR spectra show that competitive adsorption occurs between CPM and Cu for the same adsorption sites, which is responsible for the obtained suppression of CPM adsorption affected by Cu. Conclusions  Lambda-cyhalothrin shows a significantly stronger adsorption than cypermethrin on both soils. This phenomenon may be due to several reasons: (1) λ-CHT has lower solubility and a higher octanol–water partition coefficient value than CPM; (2) λ-CHT consists of specific isomers, whereas CPM is mixtures of eight different isomers; (3) the chlorine and fluorine atoms in the λ-CHT have a negative point charge, whereas the chlorine atoms in the CPM have a positive point charge. As the soil Cu concentrations increased from 19 (or 18) mg·kg⁻¹ to 1,600 mg·kg⁻¹, the adsorption coefficient of λ-CHT and CPM decreased on both soils. This is mainly due to a competition between Cu and Pys for occupying the adsorption sites on soils. The information from this study have important implications for vineyard and orchard soils, which often contain elevated levels of Cu and Pys. These results are also useful in assessing the environmental fate and health effect of λ-CHT and CPM. Recommendations and perspectives  It is important for environmental scientists and engineers to get a better understanding of soil–metal–organic contaminant interactions. However, pesticide adsorption involves complex processes, and shortcomings in understanding them still restrict the ability to predict the fate and behavior of pesticide. Therefore, considerable research should be carried out to understand the mechanism of interaction between Pys and heavy metal on soils clearly.     

Modelling the long-term consequences of a hypothetical dispersal of radioactivity in an urban area including remediation alternatives

The Urban Remediation Working Group of the International Atomic Energy Agency's EMRAS (Environmental Modelling for Radiation Safety) program was organized to address issues of remediation assessment modelling for urban areas contaminated with dispersed radionuclides. The present paper describes the second of two modelling exercises. This exercise was based on a hypothetical dispersal of radioactivity in an urban area from a radiological dispersal device, with reference surface contamination at selected sites used as the primary input information. Modelling endpoints for the exercise included radionuclide concentrations and external dose rates at specified locations, contributions to the dose rates from individual surfaces, and annual and cumulative external doses to specified reference individuals. Model predictions were performed for a “no action” situation (with no remedial measures) and for selected countermeasures. The exercise provided an opportunity for comparison of three modelling approaches, as well as a comparison of the predicted effectiveness of various countermeasures in terms of their short-term and long-term effects on predicted doses to humans.