温压条件下不同含水高岭石对NH4+吸附的分子模拟

为研究高岭石对NH₄⁺吸附的微观情况,通过Material Studio软件对高岭石单胞进行收敛性测试后构建了4×2×1不同水化程度高岭石模型,采用量子力学和经典力学方法对模型晶胞进行了理论计算和吸附实验研究.结果显示,在交换关联泛函GGA-PW91,K点4×3×2,截断能600eV条件下,得到了高岭石稳定结构模型（误差<2%）;高岭石对NH₄⁺的吸附受温度影响明显,随温度升高,吸附量逐渐减少,与吸附实验结果一致;动力学结果显示吸附类型主要为物理吸附,吸附作用力为范德华力和库仑力.     

低NOx环境异戊二烯促进甲苯生成甲基丁烯二醛的模拟实验

在低NO_x浓度条件下开展甲苯和异戊二烯复合体系的烟雾箱模拟实验,使用高时间分辨率的在线质子转移反应飞行时间质谱(PTR-TOF-MS)实时监测混合体系中反应物与产物的浓度变化情况,探究人为源与天然源交汇过程中, 自然源挥发性有机物 (BVOCs)对人为挥发性有机物(AVOCs)化学降解的影响.结果表明,异戊二烯与甲苯竞争OH自由基,从而抑制了甲苯的化学降解,该竞争反应开始得越早,抑制效果越显著.研究还发现异戊二烯会增强甲苯RO₂降解途径产物的产量,生成更多1,4不饱和-二羰基化合物(如丁烯二醛和甲基丁烯二醛)与二羰基化合物(如乙二醛和甲基乙二醛),其中甲基丁烯二醛增量最高可达38.6%.此外,异戊二烯快速氧化生成的RO₂自由基碳数更少,可能与甲苯氧化生成的RO₂自由基发生了快速的交叉反应,有利于甲苯RO自由基的生成及裂解,最终导致甲苯RO₂途径裂解产物的增加.     

铁盐浸渍强化污泥活性炭-甲醇热质传递特性

针对以市政污泥为核心的炭素前驱体开展原位铁盐浸渍磁修饰,通过响应曲面试验设计优化并制备了新型原位浸渍炭IM-WNC;以成品炭的后浸渍磁修饰炭PM-WNC为参比,考察了原位浸渍与后浸渍磁修饰过程对污泥活性炭-甲醇工质对的吸附/解吸速率、吸附等温线、吸附床传热性能、制冷量及制冷功率等方面的影响。结果表明:与后浸渍过程相比,原位铁盐浸渍有利于保持污泥炭总孔容积(0.6608cm³/g)及比表面积(1122m²/g)水平,能显著提升致密化污泥炭IM-WNC的导热系数(600kg/m³,4.586W/(m·K))、甲醇Sokoda&Suzuki平衡吸附量((528.74±15.86)mg/g)和Langmuir最大吸附量((673.99±13.52)mg/g)。升温脱附与冷却吸附循环体系内,IM-WNC致密化吸附床中心温度峰谷差值可达到69.07℃。当循环时间为76min,解吸温度为100℃时,IM-WNC吸附制冷床的制冷量和制冷功率分别达到501.43kJ/kg和799.06kJ/(kg·h),较PM-WNC分别提升了15.61%和18.69%。     

民用煤排放PM2.5中碳组分与水溶性离子特征

研究4种典型民用煤燃烧排放PM_2.5中的碳组分以及水溶性离子含量特点,并通过PAM-OFR(潜在气溶胶质量-氧化流动反应器)模拟了大气老化过程(2d)对煤球与烟煤燃烧PM_2.5中碳组分与水溶性离子含量的变化影响。结果表明,烟煤燃放PM_2.5中碳组分含量最高,达到57.96%,其EC含量是其他煤种的4.3~9.6倍。民用煤燃烧产生PM_2.5中水溶性离子以Na⁺与SO₄^2-为主,其在总水溶性离子中占比合计约47%~76%。经历了大气老化试验后,煤球与烟煤燃烧排放PM_2.5中NH₄⁺和NO₃^-离子含量大幅增加,与之相比,TC占PM_2.5比例分别下降了12.03%与19.99%。     

富春江库区高温热浪变化特征及对藻类水华潜在影响研究

随着全球气候变暖,夏季高温热浪出现频次、强度和持续时间明显增加. 为探明气候变暖引起的夏季高温热浪对藻类水华及淡水生态系统的影响, 基于长期气象观测、高频浮标水温监测、藻华过程浮游植物生物量连续监测以及卫星遥感反演,分析了富春江库区夏季高温热浪长期变化特征以及2016年高温热浪对富春江水库藻类水华的影响过程. 结果表明:①1972—2020年近50年富春江水库呈现明显的区域增温,平均气温增速为0.35 ℃/(10 a),2016年达最高值(18.13 ℃);与此同时,高温热浪频次和天数也显著增加,且起始时间显著提前,结束时间显著推迟,2016年经历了近50年来较严重的高温热浪事件. ②野外实测和卫星遥感反演表明,2016年7—8月富春江水库暴发严重的藻类水华,库区叶绿素a浓度在8月19日达最高值〔(65.3±21.3) μg/L〕. ③因果分析显示,高温热浪引起的气温和水温增加、降水和风速减少以及热力分层强化等直接或者间接诱发和促进了浮游植物生物量累积及蓝藻水华形成. 研究显示,夏季高温热浪加剧了富春江水库藻类水华暴发,未来全球变暖背景下高温热浪频次和强度将继续增加,需开展高频同步监测和受控试验,深入揭示高温热浪对藻类水华形成的驱动机制.      

Cultivar-dependent rhizobacteria community and cadmium accumulation in rice: Effects on cadmium availability in soils and iron-plaque formation

The association between the rhizospheric microbial community and Cd accumulation in rice is poorly understood. A field trial was conducted to investigate the different rhizobacterial communities of two rice cultivars with high Cd accumulation (HA) and low Cd accumulation (LA) at four growth stages. Results showed that the Cd content in the roots of the HA cultivar was 1.23 - 27.53 higher than that of the LA cultivar (0.08 - 10.5 µg/plant) at four stages. The LA cultivar had a significantly lower Cd availability in rhizosphere and a higher quantity of iron plaque (IP) on the root surface than the HA cultivar at four stages. This resulted in the reduction of Cd concentration in IPs and Cd translocation from IP-to-root. Microbial analysis indicated that the LA cultivar formed a distinct rhizobacterial community from the HA cultivar and had less α-diversity. The rhizosphere of the LA cultivar was enriched in specific bacterial taxa (e.g., Massilia and Bacillus) involved in Cd immobilization by phosphate precipitation and IP formation by iron oxidization. However, the rhizosphere in the HA cultivar assembled abundant sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (e.g., Sulfuricurvum) and iron reduction bacteria (Geobacter). They promoted Cd mobilization and reduced IP formation via the metal redox process. This study reveals a potential approach in which specific rhizobacteria decrease or increase Cd accumulation in rice on contaminated soil and provides a new perspective for secure rice production.     

Clean and effective removal of Cl(-I) from strongly acidic wastewater by PbO2

Recycling strongly acidic wastewater as diluted H₂SO₄ after contaminants contained being removed was previously proposed, however, Cl(-I), a kind of contaminant contained in strongly acidic wastewater, is difficult to remove, which severely degrades the quality of recycled H₂SO₄. In this study, the removal of Cl(-I) using PbO₂ was investigated and the involved mechanisms were explored. The removal efficiency of Cl(-I) reached 93.38% at 50℃ when PbO₂/Cl(-I) mole ratio reached 2:1. The identification of reaction products shows that Cl(-I) was oxidized to Cl₂, and PbO₂ was reduced to PbSO₄. Cl₂ was absorbed by NaOH to form NaClO, which was used for the regeneration of PbO₂ from the generated PbSO₄. Cl(-I) was removed through two pathways, i.e., surface oxidation and •OH radical oxidation. •OH generated by the reaction of PbO₂ and OH⁻ plays an important role in Cl(-I) removal. The regenerated PbO₂ had excellent performance to remove Cl(-I) after six-time regeneration. This study provided an in-depth understanding on the effective removal of Cl(-I) by the oxidation method.     

米曲霉发酵厨余垃圾制备富酶产物的研究

为了探讨利用微生物发酵厨余垃圾产酶的最佳条件,实现厨余垃圾高值资源化,选取米曲霉为试验菌种,基于米曲霉BNCC142787 (简称“米曲霉B”)、米曲霉CGMCC3.4427 (简称“米曲霉C”)的生长特性解析,研究不同培养方式(静置、振荡)和培养温度(30、35、40 ℃)对米曲霉好氧发酵厨余垃圾产酶性能的影响. 结果表明:米曲霉B和米曲霉C分别在30 ℃和40 ℃、pH为6的培养条件下生长最佳;与静置培养相比,振荡培养可显著提高米曲霉菌丝体的形成和生长速率,促进淀粉酶和蛋白酶分泌. 米曲霉B在40 ℃下厨余垃圾好氧发酵48 h时蛋白酶活性最高,为66.64 U/g;在30 ℃下好氧发酵48 h时,其淀粉酶活性最佳,为129.44 U/g. 米曲霉C在40 ℃下、厨余垃圾好氧发酵96 h时蛋白质酶和淀粉酶活性均达到最高,分别为64.02和131.11 U/g. 研究显示,米曲霉B和米曲霉C产生蛋白酶与淀粉酶的能力相当,但米曲霉B生长速率快,所需发酵时间短,可在温和的条件下实现产酶,因此采用米曲霉B在40 ℃、好氧发酵48 h条件下进行酶源制备,可充分利用厨余垃圾中的营养物质获得富含淀粉酶和蛋白酶的产物,具有显著的应用潜力.      

无居民海岛土地开发适宜性动态评价——以福建平潭大屿岛为例

无居民海岛开发与保护是当前我国国土空间开发与海洋可持续发展的重要议題,开发适宜性评价关乎其开发保护格局的优化。本研究以福建平潭大屿岛为例,采用GIS空间分析技术和层次分析法评估海岛开发前（2014年）和开发后（2019年）的土地开发适宜性动态变化。结果表明,2019年现状开发区域占2014年土地适宜性评价中适宜开发区的43.8%,反映现有开发空间格局尚待优化;对比开发前后,适宜开发位置基本不变,但部分开发前的不适宜开发地区转为开发后的限制开发区,说明2019年以后开发潜力增大。研究结果可为大屿岛的空间用途管制以及我国类似无居民海岛的开发与保护提供借鉴。