模板剂十二胺对胺改性HMS吸附CO2的影响

以正硅酸乙酯为硅源、十二胺为模板剂制备中孔硅HMS-1,采用焙烧和乙醇萃取的方法去除其模板剂,所得材料分别为HMS-2与HMS-3,并将四乙烯五胺（TEPA）与二乙醇胺（DEA）混合负载于3种材料上,采用X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶红外（FTIR）与氮气吸附实验对材料进行表征,研究改性前后的HMS对常压下低浓度CO₂的吸附性能及再生能力.XRD与FTIR结果表明,TEPA与DEA已被成功负载到HMS孔道内.氮气吸附实验表明,保留模板剂和胺基改性后,材料的孔容显著降低.20℃下,初始浓度为10%的CO₂在材料上的吸附量顺序为：MA-HMS-1（3.29mmol/g） > MA-HMS-3（2.7mmol/g） > HMS-1（1.88mmol/g） > MA-HMS-2（1.65mmol/g） > HMS-2（1.33mmol/g）,模板剂的存在,不仅增加了CO₂的吸附位点,还对混合胺改性的HMS吸附CO₂起到了协同作用.在20~75℃范围内,MA-HMS-1与MA-HMS-3受温度影响最明显,65℃时吸附量达最大值;随着温度的升高,HMS-1的吸附量随温度升高持续降低;MA-HMS-2的吸附量基本不变.含胺基的4种材料（HMS-1、MA-HMS-1、MA-HMS-2与MA-HMS-3）在80℃下拥有优良的再生性能,经4次循环再生后,MA-HMS-1的再生率为97.5%,高于MA-HMS-2（83%）和MA-HMS-3（84%）,保留HMS的模板剂对材料的再生性能有明显促进作用.     

纳米乳化油强化硝酸盐反硝化产气变化研究

为探究纳米乳化油原位修复硝酸盐污染地下水过程中产气对含水介质渗透性的影响,以硝酸盐为目标污染物,采用活性污泥滤液接种,分别以纳米乳化油、吐温80和司盘80为碳源开展硝酸盐降解批实验研究,探讨和评估硝酸盐降解及降解过程中的产气情况.结果显示,纳米乳化油、吐温80和司盘80均能促进硝氮的降解,在实验的100d内,共完成7个周期硝酸盐氮的有效去除,总去除率分别为79.5%、63.8%和68.8%.在硝酸盐氮降解过程中,受厌氧发酵和反硝化作用的影响,各反应体系中均有气体生成,只有活性污泥反应体系中主要产气成分是CO₂,未加碳源和分别加3种碳源的4个反应体系（都添加活性污泥和硝酸盐）中主要产气成分是CO₂、N₂.其中,添加纳米乳化油的反应体系U型管产气量最大,为47.73mL;受碳源厌氧发酵的影响,添加司盘80反应体系总产气量最大,为205.34mL.纳米乳化油反应体系次之,吐温80反应体系最小.根据三氮的变化,结合纳米乳化油反应体系理论与实际产气对比显示,在纳米乳化油强化硝酸盐反硝化过程中,18.8%纳米乳化油厌氧发酵产生CO₂,95.4%硝氮反硝化生成N₂.     

大连市大气污染天气特征及污染成因模拟分析

利用大连市2014~2015年地面观测资料、高空地面形势场和2015年12月NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,结合WRF-CMAQ数值模式,对大连市污染天气特征和污染过程的成因进行分析研究.结果表明：2014~2015年大连市共有大气污染日数145d,占20%,大气污染天气过程35个;发生大气污染时的高空形势场主要为槽后脊前的西北气流场,占63%,槽前西南气流场次之,占21%,槽区、脊区各占6%;地面形势场主要表现为风速较小的均压场（68%）和等压线密集风速较大的非均压场（32%）两种气压场.2015年12月出现的5次污染过程中,大气层结均为稳定层结,且近地面水平风速均值较小,对污染物垂直方向和水平方向上的扩散起到抑制作用,导致空气质量恶化;模拟结果发现大连市冬季污染过程中大气气溶胶的的主要成分是硝酸盐、铵盐和硫酸盐等细颗粒物,其中硝酸盐占比最大,且污染过程的增幅最为明显,说明机动车和燃煤排放已对大连市城市污染的形成产生重要影响.     

Simultaneous quantification of fifty-one odor-causing compounds in drinking water using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry

A wide range of compounds with various structural features can cause taste and odor(TO)problems in drinking water. It would be desirable to determine all of these compounds using a simple analytical method. In this paper, a sensitive method combining liquid–liquid extraction(LLE) with gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry(GC–MS/MS)was established to simultaneously analyze 51 odor-causing compounds in drinking water,including organic sulfides, aldehydes, benzenes, phenols, ethers, esters, ketones, nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds, 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin. Three deuterated analogs of target analytes, dimethyl disulfide-d6, benzaldehyde-d6 and o-cresol-3,4,5,6-d4,were used to correct the variations in recovery, and five isotope-labeled internal standards(4-chlorotoluene-d4, 1, 4-dichlorobenzene-d4, naphthalene-d8, acenaphthene-d10, phenanthrene-d10 respectively) were used prior to analysis to correct the variations arising from instrument fluctuations and injection errors. The calibration curves of the target compounds showed good linearity(R2 0.99, level = 7),and method detection limits(MDLs) below 1/10 of the odor threshold concentrations were achieved for most of the odorants(0.10–20.55 ng/L). The average recoveries of most of the analytes in tap water samples were between 70% and 120%, and the method was reproducible(RSD 20%, n = 7). Additionally, concentrations of odor-causing compounds in water samples collected from three drinking water treatment plants(DWTPs) were analyzed by this method.According to the results, dimethyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide and indole were considered to be the key odorants responsible for the swampy/septic odor. 2-Methylisoborneol and geosmin were detected as the main odor-causing compounds for musty/earthy odor in DWTP B.     

施肥对向日葵吸收积累Cd的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了不同施肥处理下(CK、N、NP、NPK) 3种向日葵品种(食用葵、观赏葵、油葵)对北方污染农田土壤镉(Cd)吸收和转运的影响.结果表明,施肥可显著提高观赏葵、油葵生物量及地上部Cd富集量,施NPK肥处理对植物促进效果最为显著.施NPK肥食用葵、观赏葵、油葵地上部Cd富集量分别可达6. 89、8. 92、6. 97 mg·kg~(-1),施肥处理显著提高了向日葵对Cd的富集能力,食用葵、观赏葵、油葵的富集系数(BCF)分别为2. 63(对照)～3. 10(NPK)、2. 80(对照)～4. 02(NPK)、2. 11(对照)～3. 14(NPK).对向日葵叶片亚细胞结构中Cd分布研究发现,将吸收的Cd富集在金属富集颗粒和细胞碎屑中是向日葵耐受Cd胁迫的主要解毒机制.综上所述,向日葵可作为Cd污染土壤的植物修复材料,合理施用NPK肥可明显提高植物对土壤Cd的修复效率.     

高含固污泥厌氧消化中蛋白质转化规律

采用剩余污泥在含固率(total solid,TS)为12%条件下进行中温(37℃)厌氧消化,通过分析厌氧消化前后污泥蛋白质组分的变化情况,研究了高含固污泥厌氧消化中蛋白质的转化规律,探讨了高含固条件下污泥蛋白质转化效率较低的原因.结果表明,经过45 d的厌氧消化处理,污泥蛋白质的转化率为34.26%.污泥蛋白质转化效率较低的原因主要表现在:(1)高含固条件下污泥的传质较差;同时,污泥蛋白质经水解过程形成大量的氨氮,反应结束后污泥总氨氮(total ammonia nitrogen,TAN)质量浓度达到1 201 mg·L~(-1),导致对厌氧消化过程,尤其对蛋白质的分解表现出一定的抑制作用;(2)三维荧光光谱(three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy,3D-EEM)分析表明,部分蛋白质向腐殖质类、富里酸类物质转化,从而更难分解;(3)通过二维电泳(two-dimensional electrophoresis,2-DE)-质谱(mass spectrometry,MS)分析发现,厌氧消化后污泥蛋白质的相对分子质量和等电点(isoelectric point,p I)降低;最终,污泥中残留的大部分蛋白质来源于微生物体内.由于微生物代谢能力随着厌氧消化过程的进行而减弱,难以继续利用这些蛋白质,或消化体系中不具备分解这些蛋白质的酶,从而限制了污泥中蛋白质的分解效率.     

亚热带河口潮滩湿地N2O排放对氮硫增强输入的响应

以亚热带区域闽江河口短叶茳芏中、高潮滩湿地为研究对象,于2014年7月至11月进行氮硫增强输入的实验,利用静态箱-气相色谱法测定潮滩湿地中N_2O排放通量,并同步测量相关的环境因子.结果显示,不同潮滩湿地N_2O排放通量对氮硫增强输入的响应存在差异,但总体上看均促进了N_2O的排放.与对照相比,NH_4~+-N输入使中、高潮滩排放通量分别提高了157.97%和236.36%;NO_3~--N输入使中潮滩提高了60.95%,而使高潮滩N_2O排放通量提高了246.77%;SO_4~(2-)-S输入分别使中、高潮滩N_2O通量提高50.68%和87.17%;而N-S复合输入则使中、高潮滩N_2O通量分别增加了84.20%和117.79%.不同的处理组对中、高潮滩的N_2O排放通量的促进作用分别表现为:NH_4~+-NN-SNO_3~--NSO_4~(2-)-S及NO_3~--NNH_4~+-NN-SSO_4~(2-)-S.氮硫增强输入改变了短叶茳芏潮滩湿地N_2O排放通量的变化规律,但除了NH_4~+-N处理对高潮滩N_2O排放通量的影响显著外,其他处理组的影响均未达到显著性水平.中、高潮滩湿地N_2O的排放通量与沉积物温度、含水率具有显著的相关关系,而与电导率相关性不显著.随着全球环境问题的日益严重,系统研究湿地生态系统N_2O排放的机制与规律,对于科学准确的估算全球温室气体排放量具有重要的意义.     

Characterization particulate matter from several Chinese cooking dishes and implications in health effects

Cooking fume produced by oil and food at a high temperature releases large amount of fine particulate matter(PM) which have a potential hazard to human health. This chamber study investigated particle emission characteristics originated from using four types of oil(soybean oil, olive oil, peanut oil and lard) and different kinds of food materials(meat and vegetable). The corresponding emission factors(EFs) of number, mass, surface area and volume for particles were discussed. Temporal variation of size-fractionated particle concentration showed that olive oil produced the highest number PM concentration for the entire cooking process. Multiple path particle dosimetry(MPPD) model was performed to predict deposition in the human respiratory tract. Results showed that the pulmonary airway deposition fraction was the largest. It was also found that particles produced from olive oil led to the highest deposition. We strongly recommend minimizing the moisture content of ingredients before cooking and giving priority to the use of peanut oil instead of olive oil to reduce human exposure to PM.     

Alkali resistance promotion of Ce-doped vanadium-titanic-based NH3-SCR catalysts

The effect of K deactivation on V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 and Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 catalysts in the selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NOxby NH_3 was studied.Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 showed significantly higher resistance to K deactivation than V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2.Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 with K/V = 4(molar ratio) showed 90% NOxconversion at 350°C,whereas in this case V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 showed no activity.The fresh and K-poisoned V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 and Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 catalysts were investigated by means of in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS),NH_3-temperature progress decomposition(NH_3-TPD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and H2-temperature program reduction(H_2-TPR).The effect of Ce doping on the improving resistance to K of V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 were discussed.     

独流减河口浮游生物群落结构与环境因子的相关性研究

浮游生物在水生态系统具有独特的生态功能,为了揭示独流减河口浮游生物群落结构与环境因子的相关性,本研究于2015年5月和8月对独流减河8个站位浮游生物及环境因子进行了调查分析。结果表明:（1）调查期间共鉴定出浮游植物38种,浮游动物10种。5月浮游植物的平均丰度为3.32×105/L,8月浮游植物的平均丰度为1.36×106/L,5月浮游动物的平均丰度为64.40 ind/L,8月浮游动物的平均丰度为18.65 ind/L。（2）环境因子方面,5月的平均溶解氧为12.30 mg/L,8月的平均溶解氧为6.69 mg/L。5月的平均盐度为32.70,8月的平均盐度为33.29。硝酸态氮、亚硝酸态氮和总氮平均水平为8月高于5月。调查期间氮元素主要以硝酸态存在,8月氨态氮元素向硝酸态转化。（3）典范对应分析（CCA）表明,亚硝酸盐是影响浮游生物丰度及多样性差异的主要影响因子。高溶解氧利于桡足类浮游动物和绿藻生长,高温不利于桡足类浮游动物和绿藻的生长,而高温更适合蓝藻的生长。