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211.
Cash for work (CFW) programmes are utilised in various disaster and emergency contexts and were a prominent component of the tsunami response in Aceh province, Indonesia. This paper describes Mercy Corps' CFW programme, discusses CFW implementation experiences and provides key recommendations for similar programmes in future emergencies. For the majority of CFW participants and their households, CFW was the only source of household income and 93 per cent of household incomes were attributable to it. The CFW programme empowered displaced populations to return to their communities; 91 per cent of participants indicated that CFW facilitated their return. Other reported psychosocial benefits included providing productive activities and giving communities an opportunity to work together. Mercy Corps' experience in Aceh demonstrates that cash disbursements can be safely delivered in a widespread manner in emergencies, and that when implemented on a short-term basis, can have positive impacts at the individual and community level. 相似文献
212.
Anaerobic digestion of source-separated municipal organic waste is considered feasible in Denmark. The limited hydraulic retention in the biogas reactor (typically 15 d) does not allow full degradation of the organic waste. Storage of anaerobically digested municipal organic waste can therefore be a source of methane (CH4) emission that may contribute significantly to the potential global warming impact from the waste treatment system. This study provides a model for quantifying the CH4 production from stored co-digested municipal organic waste and estimates the production under typical Danish climatic conditions, thus quantifying the potential global warming impact from storage of the digested municipal organic waste before its use on agricultural land. Laboratory batch tests on CH4 production as well as temperature measurements in eight full-scale storage tanks provided data for developing a model estimating the CH4 production in storage tanks containing digested municipal organic waste. The temperatures measured in separate storage tanks on farms receiving digested slurry were linearly correlated with air temperature. In storage tanks receiving slurry directly from biogas reactors, significantly higher temperatures were measured due to the high temperatures of the effluent from the reactor. Storage tanks on Danish farms are typically emptied in April and have a constant inflow of digested material. During the warmest months the content of digested material is therefore low, which limits the yearly CH4 production from storage. 相似文献
213.
Pierre‐Nicolas Carron Philippe Reigner Laurent Vallotton Jean‐Gabriel Clouet Claude Danzeisen Mathias Zürcher Bertrand Yersin 《Disasters》2014,38(2):434-450
In case of a major incident or disaster, the advance medical rescue command needs to manage several essential tasks simultaneously. These include the rapid deployment of ambulance, police, fire and evacuation services, and their coordinated activity, as well as triage and emergency medical care on site. The structure of such a medical rescue command is crucial for the successful outcome of medical evacuation at major incidents. However, little data has been published on the nature and structure of the command itself. This study presents a flexible approach to command structure, with two command heads: one emergency physician and one experienced paramedic. This approach is especially suitable for Switzerland, whose federal system allows for different structures in each canton. This article examines the development of these structures and their efficiency, adaptability and limitations with respect to major incident response in the French‐speaking part of the country. 相似文献
214.
Fabia Barbosa Silva Alan Carlos Costa Clarice Aparecida Megguer Júlien Silva Lima Priscila Ferreira Batista Deborah Amorim Martins Gabriel Martins Almeida Marisa Domingos Caroline Müller 《环境质量管理》2021,30(3):17-25
The economic basis of the Brazilian midwest is agriculture, concentrating most of the grain production in the country. With the purpose of increasing yield, farmers have intensified land use and the use of atrazine among other pesticides, which can supposedly compromise human health and photosynthetic metabolism of plant species from Cerrado, such as Handroanthus heptaphyllus. The aim of this study was to determine experimentally the sensitivity level of H. heptaphyllus to atrazine, by measuring gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, chloroplastidic pigments, and membrane permeability. The experiment was conducted in a factorial scheme. Nine‐month‐old H. heptaphyllus plants were treated with six realistic doses of atrazine: 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 g a.i. ha–1 (corresponding to 10, 20, 40, 80, and 100% of the commercial dose recommended for corn crops, respectively), with five replications. Evaluations were performed at 12, 36, 84, 180, and 276 h after treatment application. Photosynthesis, the effective quantum yield of photosystem II, and electron transport rate were gradually reduced by the action of atrazine. On the other hand, the nonphotochemical quenching increased gradually, which indicates that this mechanism was not sufficient to avoid oxidative stress and cellular damage in H. heptaphyllus treated plants. Based on these results, we concluded that the action of the herbicide in the photosynthetic reduction occurs by the electron transport rate limitation. Therefore, H. heptaphyllus trees are at risk in Cerrado areas next to agricultural lands. 相似文献
215.
Gabriel Ramos-Fernández Denis Boyer Filippo Aureli Laura G. Vick 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(7):999-1013
We use two novel techniques to analyze association patterns in a group of wild spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) studied continuously for 8 years. Permutation tests identified association rates higher or lower than chance expectation,
indicating active processes of companionship and avoidance as opposed to passive aggregation. Network graphs represented individual
adults as nodes and their association rates as weighted edges. Strength and eigenvector centrality (a measure of how strongly
linked an individual is to other strongly linked individuals) were used to quantify the particular role of individuals in
determining the network's structure. Female–female dyads showed higher association rates than any other type of dyad, but
permutation tests revealed that these associations cannot be distinguished from random aggregation. Females formed tightly
linked clusters that were stable over time, with the exception of immigrant females who showed little association with any
adult in the group. Eigenvector centrality was higher for females than for males. Adult males were associated mostly among
them, and although their strength of association with others was lower than that of females, their association rates revealed
a process of active companionship. Female–male bonds were weaker than those between same-sex pairs, with the exception of
those involving young male adults, who by virtue of their strong connections both with female and male adults, appear as temporary
brokers between the female and male clusters of the network. This analytical framework can serve to develop a more complete
explanation of social structure in species with high levels of fission–fusion dynamics.
This contribution is part of the special issue “Social Networks: new perspectives” (Guest Editors: J. Krause, D. Lusseau and
R. James) 相似文献
216.
We present a method for detecting the zones where an irregularly sampled variable changes abruptly in the plane. Such zones
are called Zones of Abrupt Change (ZACs). This method not only allows estimation of ZACs, but also testing of their statistical
significance against the null hypothesis of a stationary correlated random field. The sampling pattern, in particular its
local density, is crucial in the detection of potential ZACs. In this paper, we address the problem of evaluating the sampling
pattern by assessing the power of the local test used for detecting ZACs. It is shown that mapping the power allows us to
identify zones where ZACs may or may not be detected. The methodology is applied to a soil data set sampled at eight different
dates in an agricultural field. Detecting ZACs for the soil water content allowed us to identify permanent structures in the
agricultural field related to the boundaries between different soil types. Mapping the power for various sampling densities
proved to be useful to determine the minimal sampling density necessary for detecting ZACs.
相似文献
Edith GabrielEmail: |
217.
Marcelo Benetti Correa da Silva Ana Paula Graciola Gabriel Sperandio Milan Sulen Bebber Suane de Atayde Moschen Deonir De Toni 《环境质量管理》2019,28(4):75-84
Service quality in a construction technology laboratory can result in an improvement in construction companies’ competitiveness. This research aims to evaluate the service quality provided by a construction technology laboratory, specifically in the segment of performing testing through the rupturing of concrete samples. For this research, a survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire that was created based on a literature review regarding the surveying of laboratory customers at a university in the south of Brazil. Our research was both exploratory and quantitative, and the data were analyzed by applying multivariate data analysis. The conclusions of this study show that the dimensions of quality services are: communication, reliability, responsiveness, credibility, and tangibility. These five dimensions together provide a high explained variance standard of 79.75%. Having a suitable number of attendants available to serve customers and presenting agility in the construction laboratory is one of the managerial research contributions. Moreover, through information availability, this research generates greater traceability that can be used both by customers and by institutional management. Constantly and thoroughly monitoring the customer service cycle is another relevant factor that can improve the quality of the services provided. 相似文献
218.
Allouche Mohamed Nasri Ahmed Harrath Abdel Halim Mansour Lamjed Alwasel Saleh Beyrem Hamouda Plăvan Gabriel Rohal-Lupher Melissa Boufahja Fehmi 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(23):29484-29497
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Numerous studies have focused on the response of meiofauna after exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), but none has been devoted to... 相似文献
219.
We propose a new approach for modeling extreme values that are measured in time and space. First we assume that the observations
follow a Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution for which the location, scale or shape parameters define the space–time
structure. The temporal component is defined through a Dynamic Linear Model (DLM) or state space representation that allows
to estimate the trend or seasonality of the data in time. The spatial element is imposed through the evolution matrix of the
DLM where we adopt a process convolution form. We show how to produce temporal and spatial estimates of our model via customized
Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation. We illustrate our methodology with extreme values of ozone levels produced daily
in the metropolitan area of Mexico City and with rainfall extremes measured at the Caribbean coast of Venezuela. 相似文献
220.
Ovejero G Sotelo JL Rodríguez A Vallet A García J 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(9):1518-1526