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71.
Gabriele C. Hegerl Ulrich Cubasch 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1996,3(2):99-102
Simulations using global coupled climate models predict a climate change due to the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere. Both are associated with the burning of fossil fuels. There has been considerable debate if this postulated human influence is already evident. This paper gives an overview on some recent material on this question. One particular study using optimal fingerprints (Hegerl et al., 1996) is explained in more detail. In this study, an optimal fingerprint analysis is applied to temperature trend patterns over several decades. The results show the probability being less than 5% that the most recently observed 30 year trend is due to naturally occurring climate fluctuations. This result suggests that the present warming is caused by some external influence on climate, e.g. by the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols. More work is needed to address the uncertainties in the magnitude of naturally occurring climate fluctuations. Also, other external influences on climate need to be investigated to uniquely attribute the present climate change to the human influence. 相似文献
72.
Kiran Dhakal Gopi S. Gadupudi Hans-Joachim Lehmler Gabriele Ludewig Michael W. Duffel Larry W. Robertson 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2018,25(17):16277-16290
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a group of 209 congeners that differ in the number and position of chlorines on the biphenyl ring, are anthropogenic chemicals that belong to the persistent organic pollutants (POPs). For many years, PCBs have been a topic of interest because of their biomagnification in the food chain and their environmental persistence. PCBs with fewer chlorine atoms, however, are less persistent and more susceptible to metabolic attack, giving rise to chemicals characterized by the addition of one or more hydroxyl groups to the chlorinated biphenyl skeleton, collectively known as hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs). In animals and plants, this biotransformation of PCBs to OH-PCBs is primarily carried out by cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases. One of the reasons for infrequent detection of lower chlorinated PCBs in serum and other biological matrices is their shorter half-lives, and their metabolic transformation, resulting in OH-PCBs or their conjugates, such as sulfates and glucuronides, or macromolecule adducts. Recent biomonitoring studies have reported the presence of OH-PCBs in human serum. The occurrence of OH-PCBs, the size of this group (there are 837 mono-hydroxyl PCBs alone), and their wide spectra of physical characteristics (pKa’s and log P’s ranging over 5 to 6 orders of magnitude) give rise to a multiplicity of biological effects. Among those are bioactivation to electrophilic metabolites that can form covalent adducts with DNA and other macromolecules, interference with hormonal signaling, inhibition of enzymes that regulate cellular concentrations of active hormones, and interference with the transport of hormones. This new information creates an urgent need for a new perspective on these often overlooked metabolites. 相似文献
73.
Alessandro Tugnoli Gabriele Landucci Ernesto Salzano Valerio Cozzani 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2012,25(5):830-842
Effective support of inherent safety implementation in process design requires a quantitative metric for monitoring and communicating the expected safety performance of alternative design options. The Inherent Safety Key Performance Indicators (IS-KPIs) methodology was developed to provide both a flexible procedure for the identification of the hazards, and a sound consequence-based quantification of the safety performance. The integration of different hazard identification techniques yields the relevant accident scenarios for each unit in the plant. The calculation of credible damage distances by consolidate consequence simulation models provides a sound basis for the definition of the KPIs based on worst case effects. Specific indicators were devoted to hazards from external actions, as natural events and intentional malicious acts. The methodology was demonstrated by the comparison of alternative technological options for LNG regasification. The application evidenced the potential of the IS-KPI method in pinpointing the critical issues related to each alternative configuration. 相似文献
74.
Stefan H. Nessler Gabriele Uhl Jutta M. Schneider 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(3):355-362
Sperm competition is a potent driving force in evolution leading to a remarkable variety of male adaptations that prevent
or reduce fertilization by rivals. An extraordinary defensive strategy against sperm competition has evolved in a number of
web spiders where males break off parts of their paired genitalia in order to obstruct the copulatory openings of females
(mating plug). A recent comparative analysis on the family level reports that genital damage is most frequent in species with
sexual cannibalism although, as yet, a functional association between sexual cannibalism and genital damage has not been found.
Using the moderately sexually cannibalistic orb-web spider Argiope lobata, we show for the first time that males cannibalized during their first copulation damaged their pedipalps with significantly
higher probability (74%) than males that escaped (15%). Of all males that damaged their genitalia, 44% were able to place
a genital fragment inside the copulatory opening of the female, resulting in a relatively low total plugging rate of 14%.
Successful obstruction of the female copulatory opening reduced the share of paternity of subsequent males (P
2 = 0.06%), thus, indicating that genital damage may have evolved as a response to sperm competition in this species as well.
However, the low incidence of successful plugging and the strong relationship between sexual cannibalism and genital damage
suggest that apart from paternity protection, the nature of genital damage in A. lobata is further shaped by sexual conflict or cryptic female choice. 相似文献
75.
76.
P.S. Monks C. Granier S. Fuzzi A. Stohl M.L. Williams H. Akimoto M. Amann A. Baklanov U. Baltensperger I. Bey N. Blake R.S. Blake K. Carslaw O.R. Cooper F. Dentener D. Fowler E. Fragkou G.J. Frost S. Generoso P. Ginoux R. von Glasow 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(33):5268-5350
Air quality transcends all scales with in the atmosphere from the local to the global with handovers and feedbacks at each scale interaction. Air quality has manifold effects on health, ecosystems, heritage and climate. In this review the state of scientific understanding in relation to global and regional air quality is outlined. The review discusses air quality, in terms of emissions, processing and transport of trace gases and aerosols. New insights into the characterization of both natural and anthropogenic emissions are reviewed looking at both natural (e.g. dust and lightning) as well as plant emissions. Trends in anthropogenic emissions both by region and globally are discussed as well as biomass burning emissions. In terms of chemical processing the major air quality elements of ozone, non-methane hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and aerosols are covered. A number of topics are presented as a way of integrating the process view into the atmospheric context; these include the atmospheric oxidation efficiency, halogen and HOx chemistry, nighttime chemistry, tropical chemistry, heat waves, megacities, biomass burning and the regional hot spot of the Mediterranean. New findings with respect to the transport of pollutants across the scales are discussed, in particular the move to quantify the impact of long-range transport on regional air quality. Gaps and research questions that remain intractable are identified. The review concludes with a focus of research and policy questions for the coming decade. In particular, the policy challenges for concerted air quality and climate change policy (co-benefit) are discussed. 相似文献
77.
Rainer Steinbrecher Gerhard Smiatek Renate Köble Günther Seufert Jochen Theloke Karin Hauff Paolo Ciccioli Robert Vautard Gabriele Curci 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(7):1380-1391
Biogenic VOC emission estimates from the earth's surface are crucial input parameters in air quality models. Knowledge accumulated in the last years about BVOC source distributions and chemical compound species emission profiles in Europe as well as the demand of air quality modellers for a finer resolution in space and time of BVOC estimates have led to the set-up of new emission modelling systems. An updated fast BVOC emission modelling platform explicitly considering the seasonality of emission potentials and leaf temperature gradients in forest canopies by the semi-empirical emission module (seBVOC) will be proposed and used for estimating hourly values of chemical compound-specific emissions in Europe (33–68° north; 10° west to 40° east) in the years 1997, 2000, 2001, and 2003. Spatial resolution will be 10 km by 10 km. The database used contains latest land and forest distributions, updated foliar biomass densities, leaf area indices (LAI), and plant as well as chemical compound-specific emission potentials, if available. Meteorological input parameters for the respective years will be generated using the non-hydrostatic meteorological model MM5. Highest BVOC emissions occur in daytime hours around noon from the end of May to mid-August in the Mediterranean area and from the mid of June to the end of July in the boreal forests. Comparison of 3 BVOC model approaches will reveal that for July 2003, the European isoprene and monoterpene totals range from 1124 Gg to 1446 Gg and from 338 Gg to 1112 Gg, respectively. Small-scale deviations may be as high as ±0.6 Mg km?2 for July 2003, reflecting the current uncertainty range for BVOC estimates. Key sources of errors in inventories are still insufficiently detailed land use data for some areas and lacking chemically speciated plant-specific emission potentials in particular in boreal, south-eastern, and northern African landscapes. The hourly emissions of isoprene, speciated terpenes, and oxyVOC have been made available by the NatAir database. 相似文献
78.
gnes Vri Zsolt Kozma Beta Pataki Zsolt Jolnkai Mt Kardos Bence Decsi Zsolt Pinke Gza Jolnkai Lszl Psztor Sophie Cond Gabriele Sonderegger Blint Czúcz 《Ambio》2022,51(8):1855
Riverine floods cause increasingly severe damages to human settlements and infrastructure. Ecosystems have a natural capacity to decrease both severity and frequency of floods. Natural flood regulation processes along freshwaters can be attributed to two different mechanisms: flood prevention that takes place in the whole catchment and flood mitigation once the water has accumulated in the stream. These flood regulating mechanisms are not consistently recognized in major ecosystem service (ES) classifications. For a balanced landscape management, it is important to assess the ES flood regulation so that it can account for the different processes at the relevant sites. We reviewed literature, classified them according to these mechanisms, and analysed the influencing ecosystem characteristics. For prevention, vegetation biomass and forest extent were predominant, while for mitigation, the available space for water was decisive. We add some aspects on assessing flood regulation as ES, and suggest also to include flood hazard into calculations. 相似文献
79.
Lamparter Gabriele Nobrega Rodolfo Luiz Bezerra Kovacs Kristof Amorim Ricardo Santos Gerold Gerhard 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(1):91-103
Regional Environmental Change - This study presents the setup, calibration, validation and scenario application of the soil and water assessment tool for two contrasting macro-catchments along the... 相似文献
80.
Leonardo Marotta Luigi Ceccaroni Gabriele Matteucci Paolo Rossini Stefano Guerzoni 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2011,15(3):393-405
This paper describes a decision-support system based on landscape ecology and focused on the study of ecosystems’ health.
System capabilities are illustrated with three cases of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), in the Adriatic Sea (Italy):
the lagoon of Venice and the Rimini and Ancona coastal areas. Indicators and indices are developed with a focus on sub-regional
and local problems in coastal management, with a multi-scale approach based on landscape and seascape ecology. Land-use changes
of the coastal areas were detected by analyzing two sets of satellite images. Indices combining satellite imagery, socio-economic
and environmental indicators, and landscape and seascape maps were created, showing ecological changes, habitat loss and gaps
in conservation policy. The approach used provides means for the identification of conflicts and for the assessment of sustainability.
Results show that the lagoon of Venice plays an important role in mitigating and compensating the impacts of human activities,
and needs to be protected and restored. The Rimini area shows high ecological footprint and development-intensity and low
biocapacity. The Ancona area needs the protection of its natural coastal space from potential sources of anthropogenic impacts
to maintain its sustainability. A model of environment changes is critical for formulating effective environmental policies
and management strategies. The developed decision-support system provides a suitability map per each area analyzed, which
can be used in order to maximize different policy objectives and reduce coastal conflicts. 相似文献