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排序方式: 共有142条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
Höhener P Duwig C Pasteris G Kaufmann K Dakhel N Harms H 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2003,66(1-2):93-115
Predictions of natural attenuation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the unsaturated zone rely critically on information about microbial biodegradation kinetics. This study aims at determining kinetic rate laws for the aerobic biodegradation of a mixture of 12 volatile petroleum hydrocarbons and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in unsaturated alluvial sand. Laboratory column and batch experiments were performed at room temperature under aerobic conditions, and a reactive transport model for VOC vapors in soil gas coupled to Monod-type degradation kinetics was used for data interpretation. In the column experiment, an acclimatization of 23 days took place before steady-state diffusive vapor transport through the horizontal column was achieved. Monod kinetic parameters Ks and vmax could be derived from the concentration profiles of toluene, m-xylene, n-octane, and n-hexane, because substrate saturation was approached with these compounds under the experimental conditions. The removal of cyclic alkanes, isooctane, and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene followed first-order kinetics over the whole concentration range applied. MTBE, n-pentane, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were not visibly degraded. Batch experiments suggested first-order disappearance rate laws for all VOCs except n-octane, which decreased following zero-order kinetics in live batch experiments. For many compounds including MTBE, disappearance rates in abiotic batch experiments were as high as in live batches indicating sorption. It was concluded that the column approach is preferable for determining biodegradation rate parameters to be used in risk assessment models. 相似文献
32.
In this study, the technical feasibility of coconut shell charcoal (CSC) and commercial activated carbon (CAC) for Cr(VI) removal is investigated in batch studies using synthetic electroplating wastewater. Both granular adsorbents are made up of coconut shell (Cocos nucifera L.), an agricultural waste from local coconut industries. Surface modifications of CSC and CAC with chitosan and/or oxidizing agents, such as sulfuric acid and nitric acid, respectively, are also conducted to improve removal performance. The results of their Cr removal performances are statistically compared. It is evident that adsorbents chemically modified with an oxidizing agent demonstrate better Cr(VI) removal capabilities than as-received adsorbents in terms of adsorption rate. Both CSC and CAC, which have been oxidized with nitric acid, have higher Cr adsorption capacities (CSC: 10.88, CAC: 15.47 mg g(-1)) than those oxidized with sulfuric acid (CSC: 4.05, CAC: 8.94 mg g(-1)) and non-treated CSC coated with chitosan (CSCCC: 3.65 mg g(-1)), respectively, suggesting that surface modification of a carbon adsorbent with a strong oxidizing agent generates more adsorption sites on their solid surface for metal adsorption. 相似文献
33.
34.
Mehmet Coelhan Gerda Fingerling Gabriele Christ Harun Parlar 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1998,10(2):109-122
Residue analysis of toxaphene has been difficult because of the complexity of the technical mixture consisting of a high number of compounds with very similar structure and differing chlorine content. Furthermore, the composition of toxaphene in environmental samples varies widely and is normally not related to that of the technical mixture. Therefore, quantification of single components in environmental samples was impossible. After the isolation and identification of a great number of components during the last decade, enough standards are available for the reliable quantification of toxaphene in all environmental compartments. Recently, most research has been performed on the separation of chiral components of toxaphene with a view to identifying the degradation mechanisms and distribution pathways. 相似文献
35.
Gabriele Fava Romeo Fratesi Maria Letizia Ruello Daniela Sani 《Chemistry and Ecology》2013,29(3-4):223-232
The present work relates to galvanized structures with several years of time life subjected to atmospheric corrosion, like galvanized high tension steel pylons. The mass and fate of zinc released is evaluated both via empirical and experimental procedures. The corrosion rate determination requested atmospheric condition characterization, especially for SO 2 concentration and experimental activities focused on soil sampling around pylons. The soil zinc content, total and exchangeable, is determinates by different analytical procedures. The zinc diffusion in environment and the zinc extension under the top soil is evaluated using 1-dimensional mathematical model for miscible species in porous soil. 相似文献
36.
Thioredoxins in bacteria: functions in oxidative stress response and regulation of thioredoxin genes 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Thioredoxins fulfill a number of different important cellular functions in all living organisms. In bacteria, thioredoxin
genes are often regulated by external factors. In turn, thioredoxins influence the expression of many other genes. The multiple
and important functions of thioredoxins in cells necessitate to appropriately adjust their level. This review outlines different
strategies that have evolved for the regulation of bacterial thioredoxin genes. It also summarizes effects of thioredoxins
on gene regulation and presents a recent model for a redox-dependent gene regulation that is mediated by thioredoxins. 相似文献
37.
38.
Alessandro K. Cerutti Marco Bagliani Gabriele L. Beccaro Giancarlo Bounous 《Journal of Cleaner Production》2010,18(8):771-776
Ecological Footprint Analysis (EFA) is an environmental accounting system that provides an aggregate indicator which is both scientifically robust and easy to understand by non-experts. Although based on the lifestyle consumption of natural resources, recent improvements in the methodology now allow the application of EFA to a final product. Thus the resulting footprint value represents the environmental cost of all of the activities required to create, use and/or dispose of a particular product. The application of EFA to agricultural systems is still uncommon and examples in the fruit sector rare. In this work a detailed application of EFA to a commercial nectarine orchard in Piedmont (Italy) is presented. In contrast to previous studies, we considered not only the one-year field operations, but also the whole lifetime of the orchard. The calculation was conducted for six different orchard stages: (ST1) nursery propagation of the young plants; (ST2) orchard establishment, (ST3) young trees producing low yields, (ST4) mature trees at full production, (ST5) declining trees with low yields, and finally (ST6) orchard removal. The environmental costs at each stage are presented and related to each other on the basis of the relative footprint value. Results highlight the importance of applying EFA to the entire lifecycle of orchard production: ST4 accounted for the majority of costs at 65% followed by ST2, ST3 and ST5 at or near 10%, whilst the costs of ST1 and ST6 were negotiable. Thus it is the type of ST4 production used which can have the greatest impact on EFA values. 相似文献
39.
Folberth G Pfister G Baumgartner D Putz E Weissflog L Elansky NP 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2003,124(3):389-405
We present a modeling study investigating the influence of climate conditions and solar radiation intensity on gas-phase trichloroacetic acid (TCA) formation. As part of the ECCA-project (Ecotoxicological Risk in the Caspian Catchment Area), this modeling study uses climate data specific for the two individual climate regimes, namely "Kalmykia" and "Kola Peninsula". A third regime has also been included in this study, namely "Central Europe", which serves as a reference to somehow more moderate climate conditions. The simulations have been performed with a box modeling package (SBOX, photoRACM), which uses Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism (RACM) as its chemistry scheme. For this model a mechanism supplement has been developed including the reaction pathways of methyl chloroform photooxidation. The investigations are completed by a detailed sensitivity study addressing the impact of temperature and relative humidity. Atmospheric OH and HO2 concentrations and the NOx/HO2 ratio were identified as the governing quantities controlling the TCA formation trough methyl chloroform oxidation in the gas phase. Model calculations show a TCA production rate ranging between almost zero and 6.5 x 10(3) molecules cm(-3) day(-1) depending on location and season. In the Kalmykia regime the model predicts mean TCA production rates of 1.3 x 10(-4) and 5.4 x 10(-5) microg m(-3) year(-1) for the urban and rural environment, respectively. From the comparison of model calculations with measured TCA burdens in the soil ranging between 130 g m(-3) and 1750 g m(-3) we conclude that TCA formation through methyl chloroform photooxidation in the gas-phase is probably not the principal atmospheric TCA source in this region. 相似文献
40.
Hong S Boutron CF Barbante C Do Hur S Lee K Gabrielli P Capodaglio G Ferrari CP Turetta C Petit JR Lipenkov VY 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2005,7(12):1326-1331
Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) have been measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry in various sections of the 3623 m deep ice core drilled at Vostok, in central East Antarctica. The sections were dated from 240 to 410 kyear BP (Marine Isotopic Stages (MIS) 7.5 to 11.3), which corresponds to the 3rd and 4th glacial-interglacial cycles before present. Concentrations are found to have varied greatly during this 170 kyear time period, with high concentration values during the coldest climatic stages such as MIS 8.4 and 10.2 and much lower concentration values during warmer periods, such as the interglacials MIS 7.5, 9.3 and 11.3. Rock and soil dust were the dominant sources for Pb, whatever the period, and for Zn and Cu and possibly Cd during cold climatic stages. The contribution from volcanic emissions was important for Cd during all periods and might have been significant for Cu and Zn during warm periods. 相似文献