航空器场内失事应急演练评估指标体系与评估方法研究

针对目前我国民用运输机场航空器场内失事应急救援综合演练缺乏有效评估体系的现状，通过对演练过程进行系统分析，构建航空器场内失事应急救援演练评估指标体系，涵盖消防、医疗、公安、媒体应对、运行指挥中心、地服、飞行区7个组织部门的2级指标。结合航空器场内失事救援的业务特点以及指标体系内在逻辑，设计相应的评估方法，对开展的航空器场内失事应急演练进行评估；最后，以国内2个机场的相关应急演练过程为典型示例，进行应用分析。研究结果表明:构建的演练评估指标体系及评估方法能较好地应用于实际应急演练过程，进而在演练评估结果和建议的基础上，实现应急演练的持续改进。     

Determination of 27 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water: The benefit of isotope dilution

• Isotope dilution method was developed for the determination of 27 PPCPs in water. • The established method was successfully applied to different types of water samples. • The correction effect of corresponding 27 ILSs over 70 d was investigated. • Benefit of isotopic dilution method was illustrated for three examples. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are a unique group of emerging and non-persistent contaminants. In this study, 27 PPCPs in various water samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE), and determined by isotope dilution method using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem triple quadruple mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). A total of 27 isotopically labeled standards (ILSs) were applied to correct the concentration of PPCPs in spiked ultrapure water, drinking water, river, effluent and influent sewage. The corrected recoveries were 73%–122% with the relative standard deviation (RSD)<16%, except for acetaminophen. The matrix effect for all kinds of water samples was<22% and the method quantitation limits (MQLs) were 0.45–8.6 ng/L. The developed method was successfully applied on environmental water samples. The SPE extracts of spiked ultrapure water, drinking water, river and wastewater effluent were stored for 70 days, and the ILSs-corrected recoveries of 27 PPCPs were obtained to evaluate the correction ability of ILSs in the presence of variety interferences. The recoveries of 27 PPCPs over 70 days were within the scope of 72%–140% with the recovery variation<37% in all cases. The isotope dilution method seems to be of benefit when the extract has to be stored for long time before the instrument analysis.     

Use of historical and contemporary distribution of mammals in China to inform conservation

A systematic understanding of dynamic animal extinction trajectories for different regions in a nation like China is critically important to developing practical conservation strategies. We explored historical and contemporary changes in terrestrial mammalian diversity to determine how diversity in each of the 5 regions in China has changed over time and to examine the conservation potential of these regions. We used records from databases on Pleistocene mammalian fossils and historical distribution records (1175–2020) for Primates (as a case study) to reconstruct evolutionary and historical distribution trajectories of the 11 orders of terrestrial mammals and to predict their prospective survival based on the national conservation strategy applied. The results indicated that since the Pleistocene, 4–5 mammalian orders have been lost in the northeast, 3 in central China, 2 along the coast, and 1 in the northwest. In the southwest, all 11 orders were maintained. Contemporarily, the coast and southwest had the highest and second-highest species densities. The southwest region and southeastern sections of the northwest region were the most historically and contemporarily diverse areas, which suggests that they should be the first priority for protected area (PA) designation. The central and coastal areas should be secondarily prioritized. In these 2 regions, conservation should focus on human coexistence with nature. Less attention should be paid to the PA in the northeast and western northwest because in these areas ecosystems are depauperate and the climate is harsh. Conservation in these areas should focus principally on avoiding further human encroachment on natural areas. Article impact statement: Historical and contemporary patterns of extinction can be a basis for mammalian conservation strategies.     

含阶梯结构的高层楼梯井内烟气湍流及输运特征量的全局敏感性分析

高层建筑竖井火灾中影响因素众多,并且各因素对高层楼梯井火灾中重要现象、关键数值等的影响大小不一,使得此类火灾中的实验或理论研究成本较高。通过建立全局敏感性分析平台,定量考察了高层楼梯井结构所涉及因素的影响大小,并能够方便地筛选掉对所考察量影响较小的因素,以降低实验或计算成本。使用数值模拟方法,通过CFD软件对包含阶梯几何框架的高层楼梯井结构火灾进行了共计60次工况计算。并且根据计算结果,使用全局参数敏感性分析方法,得出建筑尺寸、热释放速率、环境参数对高层楼梯井内烟气湍流特性及输运特性的敏感性排序。结果表明,火源热释放速率对各输出参数的影响均占38%以上。     

广州市环境监测管理信息化建设中若干问题探讨

以广州市环境监测中心站推进信息化的实践为例，重点对环境监测管理信息化规划、开发和应用3个环节所涉及的信息化进程路线、应用系统开发的需求分析和推广应用等问题进行了一些探讨，提出切合自身的解决思路或办法。     

温度对合成钛酸盐纳米材料的影响及其对水中Cd (Ⅱ)的去除效果

为有效去除水中Cd（Ⅱ）,以TiO₂纳米粉和NaOH为原料,调节水热反应温度分别为100、120、150和190℃,制备出了不同形貌的TNs（钛酸盐纳米材料）,分别记为TNs-100、TNs-120、TNs-150和TNs-190,并对其形貌、结构、比表面积、化学组成等物理化学性能进行了表征;通过对水中Cd（Ⅱ）的静态吸附试验,考察了TNs对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附性能.结果表明:随着合成温度的升高,TNs的形貌逐渐从纳米片演变成纳米管,管长逐渐变长,最后变成纳米棒.TNs-100的晶型结构主要是锐钛矿型;随着温度升高,结晶度逐渐增强;TNs-190出现了部分金红石相.TNs-150对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附能力最强,最大平衡吸附量为254.66 mg/g,最佳吸附pH为5.0.再生的TNs-150对Cd（Ⅱ）循环吸附6次的去除率和解吸率均可达93%以上.TNs-150对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附过程符合准二阶动力学方程和Langmuir吸附等温模型,吸附机制主要是TNs层间Na+和H+与溶液中Cd（Ⅱ）的离子交换.研究显示,TNs的饱和吸附量均高于同类吸附剂,能有效去除水中Cd（Ⅱ）.      

不同主体功能定位的县域空间功能区划研究

文章通过判别分析法,尝试构建一套针对不同主体功能定位县通用的指标体系,以反映社会经济发展状况、生态环境保护重要性、国土空间开发支撑条件。通过在广西10个不同主体功能定位县的实践应用,将县域空间划分为城镇空间、农业空间和生态空间,重点开发区、农产品主产区、重点生态功能区的城镇空间分别小于30%、20%和10%,农产品主产区的农业空间和重点生态功能区的生态空间均大于50%。研究成果为全省范围推广县域空间功能区划提供了科学依据。     

新型重金属絮凝剂巯基乙酰化羟甲基聚丙烯酰胺的优化制备

为提高含铜废水的处理效果及简化处理流程,以聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、甲醛、氢氧化钠、巯基乙酸(TGA)为原料,先经羟甲基化反应制备中间产物羟甲基聚丙烯酰胺(MPAM),再通过酰胺化反应将巯基接枝到MPAM分子链上,制备出新型重金属絮凝剂巯基乙酰化羟甲基聚丙烯酰胺(MAMPAM).以水样中Cu(Ⅱ)的去除率为考察目标,采用Plackett-Burman实验、最陡爬坡实验和响应面法中CCD实验优化MAMPAM的制备条件.结果表明,MAMPAM最优制备条件为:MPAM浓度0.31%、MPAM与TGA物质的量比为1∶3.2、反应介质p H值为4.76、反应温度为25℃、反应时间为2 h,在此条件下制备的MAMPAM对Cu(Ⅱ)的去除率为95.30%,与模型的理论预测值94.47%接近,相对偏差仅为0.83%,模型合理可靠.红外分析表明MPAM分子链上成功接上了巯基.MAMPAM对不同初始浓度的含Cu(Ⅱ)水样具有很好的去除效果,Cu(Ⅱ)去除率均能达到90%以上.MAMPAM有望成为一种有效的含铜废水处理剂,具有一定的应用前景.     

碳排放影响因子与碳足迹文献综述:基于研究方法视角

从研究方法的角度出发,对近年来国内外碳排放影响因子及碳足迹的相关研究进行文献综述。根据碳排放影响因子的研究方法—情景分析法、因素分解法中的指数分解法以及其他计量模型,介绍了国内外关于碳排放影响因子的研究现状,最后对方法进行归类和对比。根据碳足迹研究方法—投入产出法、生命周期评价法、IPCC法以及其他模型,分析了国内外关于碳足迹的研究进展。最后通过总结,对碳排放和碳足迹的未来研究方向进行了展望。     

广西壮族自治区污水处理厂运行状况及特征分析

基于广西壮族自治区126座污水处理厂2015年运行状况的调查数据,分析广西污水处理厂的工艺特点、污泥处置、出水水质达标情况、运行负荷率和运行费用,评估污水处理厂运行的效率和效果,分析存在的问题,并就污水处理厂的运行和管理提出建议。