煤矿危险源风险预警与控制的研究

根据现代安全管理的理论与方法,结合煤矿人-机-环境特点和不同煤矿事故的发生机理,对煤矿危险源风险预警和控制的基本理论和方法进行了探讨,提出了基于危险源的煤矿风险预警与控制的一般流程,给出煤矿危险源辨识、风险评价、监控和预警的方法,为煤矿安全管理信息系统提供理论基础。     

Highly efficient conversion of sugarcane bagasse pretreated with liquid hot water into ethanol at high solid loading

Liquid hot water (LHW), an environmental-friendly physico-chemical treatment, was applied to pretreat the sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Tween80, a non-ionic surfactant, was used to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated SCB. It found that 0.125 mL Tween80 /g dry matter could make the maximum increase (33.2%) of the glycan conversion of the LHW-pretreated SCB. A self-designed laboratory facility with a plate-and-frame impeller was applied to conduct batch hydrolysis, fed-batch hydrolysis, and the process of high-temperature (50°C) fed-batch hydrolysis following low-temperature (30°C) simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) which was adopted to overcome the incompatible optimum temperature of saccharification and fermentation in the SSF process. After hydrolyzing LHW-pretreated SCB for 120 h with commercial cellulase, the total sugar concentration and glycan conversion obtained from fed-batch hydrolysis were 91.6 g/L and 68.3%, respectively, which were 9.7 g/L and 7.3% higher than those obtained from batch hydrolysis. With Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y2034 fermenting under the non-sterile condition, the ethanol production and theoretical yield obtained from the process of SSF after fed-batch hydrolysis were 55.4 g/L and 88.3% for 72h, respectively, which were 15.5 g/L and 24.7% higher than those from separate fed-batch hydrolysis and fermentation. The result of this work was superior to the reported results obtained from the LHW-pretreated SCB.     

长江中游城市群经济与生态成本空间演化模式分析

综合运用变异系数、泰尔指数及ESDA-GIS多种方法,在充分考虑传统经济影响因子的基础上,尝试引入经济发展生态成本指标,分析长江中游城市群经济综合发展水平与生态成本的空间匹配及演化模式。研究表明:经济综合发展水平高低聚集特征明显,空间极化现象是导致区域经济发展不平衡的主要原因;生态成本空间集聚现象以高高集聚和低低集聚为主,且呈现出高高集聚减少、低低集聚增多的现象,生态成本消耗有所改善;2001~2012年长江中游城市群市域经济综合发展水平与生态成本表现出越来越显著的差异化空间格局,呈现出由低经济综合发展水平-低生态成本过渡到高经济综合发展水平-高生态成本,进而发展到高经济综合发展水平-低生态成本的空间匹配模式的阶段性特征;高经济综合发展水平-高生态成本的经济发展模式仍在大部分城市中存在,经济与生态空间协调发展的潜力仍然很大。     

温度对17α-乙炔雌二醇在SBR工艺中去除效果的影响

17a-乙炔雌二醇(EE2)属于人工合成雌激素,是活性较强的环境内分泌干扰物之一.在污水处理厂中,EE2主要是通过活性污泥的生物降解作用得以去除.影响活性污泥对EE2生物降解的因素很多,温度是影响因素之一.分别采用一级缺氧/好氧(A/O)模式和三级缺氧/好氧(A/O/A/O/A/O)模式运行的SBR工艺.考察了温度对EE2去除的影响.试验发现,随着温度的升高,EE2在水相和泥相中的去除率明显增加,其中在30℃时EE2去除率达到最大,2种运行模式下水相中EE2去除率均达到了96%以上;泥相是EE2生物降解的主要场所;EE2生物降解主要发生在好氧阶段,缺氧阶段EE2生物降解效果不明显.     

污染物负荷对曝气生物滤池处理效果的影响研究

考察了进水有机负荷和氨氮负荷对曝气生物滤池出水水质的影响.结果表明,系统COD、氨氮和TN的去除率随进水有机负荷的增加而下降,在氨氮为28.3～33.6 mg/L、TN为39.0～45.8 mg/L条件下,有机负荷小于3.53 kg/(ms3·d)时,出水COD、氨氮和TN分别小于50、5、15 mg/L,去除率分别在85%、85%和65%以上;氨氮和TN的去除率随氨氮负荷的增加而下降,在COD为287.6～313.4 mg/L、氨氮负荷小于0.56 kg/(m3·d)时,出水氨氮小于8 mg/L,去除率在85%以上,出水TN小于15mg/L,去除率在65%以上.     

Carbon isotope analysis for source identification of atmospheric formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve in South China

Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are two most abundant carbonyls in ambient air. Biogenic emission has been proposed as a significant source other than anthropogenic emissions and atmospheric secondary formation. Here at a forest site in South China, the carbon isotopic compositions of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emitted from leaves of three tree species (Litsea rotundifolia, Canarium album and Castanea henryi) were measured in comparison with the bulk carbon isotopic compositions of tree leaves. δ¹³C data of the emitted aldehydes (from ?31‰ to ?46‰) were quite different for tree species, which were all more depleted in ¹³C than the tree-leaf bulk δ¹³C values (from ?27‰ to ?32‰). Formaldehyde in ambient air at the forest site had δ¹³C values different from those of leaf-emitted formaldehyde, indicating other sources for ambient formaldehyde apart from direct emission from leaves, most probably the photooxidation of biogenic hydrocarbon like isoprene and monoterpene. The δ¹³C differences of acetaldehyde between ambient data and those of tree leaves emission were less than 1‰, implying direct biogenic emission as the dominant source.     

Methodology of industry scale analysis under the constraint of regional resource capacity using HSY algorithm

This paper develops a methodology of proper scale analysis for regional industry development, which can be used in industry planning with the consideration of regional resource capacities. In the face of different data sources and even data scarcity, alternative methods based on linear programming and quadratic programming algorithms for calculating the resource intensity factors are designed. Based on the empirical study of industrialization, initial scenarios of industry development were set. Using HSY algorithm, sensitive industries that may cause exceeding regional resource capacity can be identified, and the risk of exceeding can be predicted and expressed in probability. Furthermore, a proper scale range can be designed for these sensitive industries according to resource capacity. Taking the case of Dalian city in China, this paper estimated the regional urban development plan, various resources capacities were studied, and land resources were estimated to be the most critical resource for the city. The land resource depletion intensities of different industries are calculated by quadratic programming algorithm. Under the constraint of 427.56 km² available industrial land resources, the electronic and power industries have the most significant impact on total land use, if the scale of power industry exceeds 1.27 billion USD, the probability of land resource capacity breakthrough will be 50%.     

浸提分离法提取皂素清洁工艺研究

提出一种通过溶剂提取将游离皂苷与淀粉、纤维等成分分离,从源头上减少用水量、耗酸量和污染物排放量的皂素清洁生产工艺。首先对溶剂提取条件进行优化,得出最佳工艺条件为：90%（体积比）乙醇溶液,料液比1∶7,沸腾回流提取3 h,重复提取3次。然后通过气质联用（GC/MS）分析了皂素废水的有机物组成。研究结果表明,清洁工艺皂素产率为1.51%（降低3.82%）,用酸量比传统工艺减少了71%,头道液COD浓度降低了46%,每100 g原料排放的COD总量下降了84%;皂素废水的有机物污染物主要为糠醛及其衍生物,清洁工艺废水的有机物含量更低,更易降解。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸出废弃线路板中铜的研究

对废弃线路板中的铜进行了细菌浸出、只有硫酸亚铁环境下的浸出及酸浸出实验,研究了不同条件对比浸出效果,研究结果表明,细菌浸出比只有硫酸亚铁存在的浸出和酸浸要快得多。研究了在线路板粉末浓度12、24、40、60和120 g/L下浸出速率的变化,结果表明, 在考察范围内,浸出速度随着加入的废弃线路板粉末浓度的升高而降低,当线路板粉末的浓度＞60 g/L时,浸出速度维持在较低水平,选取24 g/L作为浸出的线路板粉末的浓度。分别在细菌培养0、24、48和72 h时加入线路板粉末24 g/L进行浸出实验,结果表明,细菌培养时间长,使得浸出过程进行得也更快。     

土壤中零价铁还原3-氯硝基苯的作用

利用零价铁在常温常压下对土壤中的3-氯硝基苯的还原,对反应物和产物随时间的变化及反应的各个影响因素进行了研究。实验结果表明,零价铁能够有效地将3-氯硝基苯还原为3-氯苯胺,反应过程中没有检测到脱氯产物。其反应速率随铁粉用量、反应体系含水量的增加以及反应温度的升高而升高,随土壤初始pH值的升高而降低。在土壤中3-氯硝基苯含量约为2.5×10^-6 mol/g,铁粉使用量为25 mg/g,反应体系中含水量为0.75 mL/g,pH值为6.8时,在恒温生化培养箱(25±1)℃反应5 h后,3-氯硝基苯的还原率达到92.75％。