活性黑KN-B染料的生物降解研究

通过试验考察了厌氧条件下活性黑KN-B的生物降解历程,同时对染料的降解动力学及降解机理进行了初步探讨与分析。结果表明:厌氧颗粒污泥可以单独降解活性黑KN-B(以活性黑为单一碳源时,活性黑KN-B的24降解率为43.1%),也可以在以葡萄糖为共基质条件下降解活性黑KN-B;以活性黑KN-B为单一碳源时其降解过程符合一级反应动力学方程,而以葡萄糖为共基质时其降解过程符合二级反应动力学方程;对降解前和降解24h后的降解液采用UV一可见、红外光谱分析,用UV-可见光谱发现活性黑KN-B在可见光区600nm处的吸收峰已消失,并且紫外区309nm处的吸收峰减弱,但255nm处的吸收峰增强,说明活性黑KN-B染料中的偶氮键断裂后生成芳香胺类化合物,这些中间产物可进一步降解。用红外光谱分析,结果与UV-可见光谱分析一致。     

湘东北湘阴凹陷控盆断裂特征、盆地性质及动力机制研究

对白垩纪-古近纪洞庭盆地东部湘阴凹陷的北部进行了地表地质调查与研究.凹陷呈NE走向,沉积岩层倾向南东,且自南东往北西倾角变陡.凹陷南段宽、北段窄,其南东边界分别为倾向NW的公田断裂和忠防断裂,两断裂之间以走向NW、倾向南西的白羊田断裂和石姑桥断裂相连接.公田断裂为正断裂,白羊田断裂和石姑桥断裂为右旋平移正断裂,忠防断裂为左行平移正断裂;公田断裂和石姑桥断裂均经历了自韧性→脆性的转变过程.凹陷内部发育NE～NNE向小型同成盆正断裂.上述信息表明:① 湘阴凹陷为箕状断陷盆地;②公田断裂和忠防断裂的拉张活动控制了凹陷的形成和发展,区域N(N)E向左旋走滑应力场对凹陷北段有一定影响;③ 白羊田断裂和石姑桥断裂属横向调整断裂;④ 凹陷发展及其沉积充填,与南东面幕阜山隆起的抬升与剥蚀(包括沉积剥蚀和构造剥蚀)相耦合.结合区域资料,讨论认为湘阴凹陷形成的伸展构造环境受本地区特有的地幔上隆深部构造背景与中国东南部区域张性构造环境的双重制约,并以前者为主;凹陷走向主要受区域NNE向左行走滑应力场的控制.     

青藏铁路格望段工程生态影响的主要特征：线型切割

线型工程是主要的生态类项目之一,随着各类线型工程迅速增加,其引发的生态影响已经逐渐暴露出来。本文分析了线型切割影响的提出背景以及景观生态学在研究线型工程生态影响中的应用。并以青藏铁路格望段为例,分析了线型切割作用的具体表现,主要包括：阻断能流、物流、物种流;阻断生态用水;阻断野生动物迁徙通道;造成景观破碎化。同时,针对不同的切割影响提出了相应防护对策,包括修建排水建筑物、生物通道、树篙廊道等。     

平衡——生态健康之刁——平衡与生态健康之关系

“平衡”是世间万物之本,而生态健康却与自然、社会、政治以及人体平衡等有着千丝万缕的联系。随着人类社会经济的不断发展和人们生活水平的不断提高,生态健康已成为现代化生活的一个重要标志,它直接关系到人们的健康生活。本文提出了“平衡”是生态健康之本,从一个新颖的视角一“平衡”,简明地论述了平衡在人类的生存发展过程中的重要性,以及它与生态健康之间的密切关系。文章中阐述的观点值得思考,对如何理解和审视“生态健康”有着重要的启示作用。     

水体中酞酸酯类环境激素污染及生物降解研究进展

酞酸酯是一类人工合成的环境激素类持久性难降解有机污染物,广泛用作塑料、农药及驱虫剂等的生产原料,由其引起的环境问题已受到许多国家的普遍关注.在此较系统地总结了酞酸酯类环境激素在环境中的污染状况,对近年来在酞酸酯类环境激素降解研究方面所取得的进展,酞酸酯类环境激素的环境行为及其在环境介质中的污染概况进行了综述,最后对酞酸酯类环境激素污染研究提出展望.     

Treatment of oilfield produced water by anaerobic process coupled with micro-electrolysis

Treatment of oilfield produced water was investigated using an anaerobic process coupled with micro-electrolysis (ME), focusing on changes in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biodegradability. Results showed that COD exhibited an abnormal change in the single anaerobic system in which it increased within the first 168 hr, but then decreased to 222 mg/L after 360 hr. The biological oxygen demand (five-day) (BOD5)/COD ratio of the water increased from 0.05 to 0.15. Hydrocarbons in the wastewater, such as pectin, degraded to small molecules during the hydrolytic acidification process. Comparatively, the e ect of ME was also investigated. The COD underwent a slight decrease and the BOD5/COD ratio of the water improved from 0.05 to 0.17 after ME. Removal of COD was 38.3% under the idealized ME conditions (pH 6.0), using iron and active carbon (80 and 40 g/L, respectively). Coupling the anaerobic process with ME accelerated the COD removal ratio (average removal was 53.3%). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to analyze organic species conversion. This integrated system appeared to be a useful option for the treatment of water produced in oilfields.     

Concentrations of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in needles of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) growing nearby di erent industrial sources

Emissions from industrial activities pose a serious threat to human health and impose the need for monitoring both inorganic and organic pollutants in industrial areas.We selected Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) as potential biomonitor and collected the current (C) and previous year (C+1) needles from three industrial sites dominated by petrochemical, ceramics manufacturing, and iron and steel smelting plants and one remote site to determine heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni and Co) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in unwashed and water-washed needles. Both unwashed and washed C+1 needles showed generally higher concentrations of heavy metals and PAHs than C needles, although the washed needles more clearly spotlighted the accumulation e ect of PAHs over exposure time. Water-washing resulted in a significant decrease in needle PAH concentrations with more significant e ects shown in C needles. By contrast, needle heavy metal concentrations were much less a ected by washing. Although heavy metals and PAHs might di er in adsorption and uptake strategies, their higher concentrations in the needles at the industrial sites indicated conspicuous contamination due to industrial emissions there. The PAH distribution patterns in pine needles accorded with the real types of energy consumption in the study sites and were e ciently used for pinpointing local pollutant sources.     

硝基苯、苯胺在湿地土壤不同有机组分中的吸附特征

应用平衡法研究了湿地土壤不同有机组分对硝基苯和苯胺的吸附行为.结果表明,吸附等温线经拟合后均符合Freundlich模型,可决系数分别为R2=0.983～0.997,R2=0.963～0.991(P<0.01,n=5),土壤不同有机组分对硝基苯和苯胺的吸附表现为非线性特征,其吸附过程与有机质含量和结构有关.硝基苯和苯胺在湿地土壤中的吸附主要受腐殖酸、易氧化有机质组分和脂类化合物的影响,其中腐殖酸对硝基苯和苯胺具有最大的吸附容量;脂类化合物表现为与硝基苯、苯胺竞争土壤有机质结构中的吸附位点,去除脂类化合物后残余物的吸附量增大;矿物组分对硝基苯和苯胺的吸附是次要的,吸附容量仅为2.31mg·kg-1和3.63mg·kg-1.硝基苯和苯胺的Koc值分别按如下顺序增加:碱提取残余物<原始土<过氧化氢氧化残余物<苯/甲醇提取残余物,原始土<苯/甲醇提取残余物<过氧化氢氧化残余物<碱提取残余物.     

插层水滑石的组装及对对硝基甲苯的吸附

采取一步改性、离子交换和焙烧复原3种方法实现阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)插层Mg3Al-NO3-水滑石(HT)的组装,通过XRD、FT-IR、TEM、TOC、NMR等表征手段对插层水滑石(SDS-HT)进行表征.研究了SDS-HT吸附对硝基甲苯的性能及影响因素,探讨了其吸附机理,并定量描述了分配作用和表面吸附对总吸附量的相对贡献.结果表明,3种插层方法均制备了层状结构良好的阴离子黏土,其中焙烧复原法制备的样品SDS含量最多. SDS在SDS-HT中形成了增溶(分配)作用较强的有机相,并影响表面吸附作用和分配作用在吸附过程中的贡献率.3种样品对对硝基甲苯均有良好的吸附作用,在本研究浓度范围内,对硝基甲苯的吸附主要由表面吸附作用提供,焙烧复原法所得样品平衡浓度为162mg/L时的吸附量最大,为44.5mg/g.     

浅谈液化气钢瓶(罐)灭火抢险技术

介绍了液化石油气的性质、火灾特点以及液化石油气钢瓶、液化石油气储罐的灭火抢险技术。