潜流人工湿地去除毒死蜱、双酚A、4-壬基酚

为研究潜流人工湿地对毒死蜱、BPA及4-NP的去除效果,选取宽叶香蒲、芦苇、花叶香蒲及小香蒲4种湿地植物,通过SPE-HPLC测定进出水中3种污染物的浓度,计算4种植物潜流人工湿地对3种污染物的去除效率。结果表明,水力停留时间3 d,4组植物对毒死蜱、BPA和4-NP去除率均高于60%,各植物组对毒死蜱和4-NP的去除效果之间无显著性差异,宽叶香蒲对BPA的去除率为82.66%,显著高于其余3种植物组62.96%~69.63%。在静态条件下,毒死蜱、BPA和4-NP在模拟系统内降解过程符合一级降解动力学方程,降解方程分别为:c=124.63exp(-t/25.393)+3.7618 1,c=316.61exp(-t/34.955)+0.56475 2,c=168.91exp(-t/17.061)+12.133 3(c,剩余浓度,μg/L;t,停留时间,h),半衰期分别为18、21和11 h。     

羽毛角蛋白海绵材料对亚甲基蓝的吸附去除

以羽毛角蛋白提取后产生的残渣为原料,采用简单物理法制得角蛋白海绵材料,通过扫描电镜和红外光谱对其表观形貌和表面结构进行表征,同时以亚甲基蓝染料作为实验对象,考察制得的海绵材料对其吸附特性和去除效果。结果表明,当吸附平衡时间为1 440 min、亚甲基蓝溶液初始浓度为100 mg/L、海绵材料投加量为0.06 g、反应温度为25℃、溶液pH为7.0时,海绵材料对亚甲基蓝的吸附去除率可达98%以上,同时由Langmuir等温吸附模型拟合结果可知,海绵材料对亚甲基蓝的最大吸附量可达151.5 mg/g。因此,将羽毛角蛋白提取后产生的残渣可制备良好的染料吸附剂,取得良好的环境效益。     

采油废水厌氧处理系统的微生物群落特征

为了深入认识石油烃的厌氧降解过程,利用分子生物学技术分析了大庆油田采油废水处理系统厌氧池和进水中的微生物群落特征。基于DGGE和克隆文库的分析结果均表明,厌氧生物膜中存在的古菌源自于采油废水。厌氧生物膜和采油废水中的古菌主要是产甲烷菌,包括嗜甲基的Methanomethylovorans thermophila和利用氢和甲酸的Methanolinea tarda。值得注意的是,氢营养型的M.tarda在厌氧生物膜中得到了富集。进水和厌氧生物膜中的细菌群落结构明显不同。进水中的主要细菌类群为Epsilonproteobacteria,而生物膜中的主要类群为Nitrospira和Deltaproteobacteria。在厌氧生物膜中发现许多与产甲烷古菌(尤其是氢营养型产甲烷菌)协同降解石油烃类物质的细菌相关克隆:其中一个克隆与Syntrophus具有较高的同源性,该类菌是产甲烷菌介导的厌氧烃降解微生物区系中的关键细菌;许多Deltaproteobacteria克隆属于group TA类群,该类群细菌主要参与芳香族化合物产甲烷菌介导的厌氧降解过程。这些结果表明,在大庆油田采油废水厌氧处理系统中已经建立起由产甲烷菌所介导的厌氧石油烃降解的微生物区系。     

海藻酸钠-刺槐豆胶复合凝胶珠吸附孔雀绿简

以刺槐豆胶、海藻酸钠为材料制备复合凝胶珠,利用红外光谱、热重分析对其进行表征,探讨孔雀绿浓度、吸附时间及pH对复合凝胶珠吸附孔雀绿的影响。红外光谱和热重分析表明,复合凝胶珠制备成功且热稳定性介于刺槐豆胶和海藻酸钠之间。复合凝胶珠对孔雀绿的吸附在5 h后达到平衡,pH=6为最佳吸附pH,相同条件下复合凝胶珠对孔雀绿的吸附作用优于活性炭,其对孔雀绿的吸附行为符合Freundlich吸附等温方程和颗粒内扩散模型。海藻酸钠-刺槐豆胶复合凝胶珠有望成为新的处理印染废水的吸附剂。     

制药废水的厌氧生化性评价及UASB处理

为了处理山东某一药厂的高浓度有机废水,首先采用间歇式实验对山东某一制药厂各主要车间生产废水及综合废水进行厌氧可生化性评价。然后以此为基础,采用两级中温UASB,以某一时期排放的厂区综合废水为处理对象,通过缩短HRT,考察在COD容积负荷的逐步升高下,反应器处理效果的变化。进水COD稀释至10 000 mg/L左右,p H维持在6.8到7.1。在单级UASB最大工程设计容积负荷6 g COD/(L·d)的条件下,经过两级UASB的串联处理,总COD的去除率能达73.5%,出水COD能基本稳定在2 600 mg/L。在这个系统运行时期,产气稳定,出水p H值稳定在7.4到8.0之间,VFA在500 mg/L以下。实验结果表明,两级UASB处理该制药厂废水是可行的。     

Pros and cons of climate change in China

Climate change strongly affected the structure and functions of natural ecosystems,e.g.the vegetation productivity decreased in the Northeast permafrost region due to the higher temperature and less precipitation,whereas in the Tibetan Plateau,the vegetation productivity increased,owing to the improved thermal resource.Climate change led to reduced precipitation in North and Northeast China and thus the reduced surface runoff.The public needs for energy were changed because of climate change,e.g.the shorter heating period in winter.Climate change profoundly influenced human health,pathophoresis and major projects by increasing extreme events,including frequency and magnitude,and causing more serious water shortage.Under the background of climate change,although the improved thermal resources can be helpful for extending the crop growth period,more extreme events may resulted in more instability in agricultural productivity.Not only did climate change indirectly affect the secondary and tertiary industries through the impacts on agriculture and natural resources,but also climate change mitigation measures,such as carbon tax,tariff and trading,had extensive and profound influences on the socioeconomic system.Further analysis indicated that the impact of climate change presented significant regional differences.The impact had its pros and cons,while the advantages outweighed the disadvantages.Based on the above analysis on the impacts of climate change,we put forward suggestions on coping with climate change.First,scientifically dealing with climate change will need to seek advantages while avoiding the disadvantages of climate change in order to achieve the orderly adaptation to climate change,which is characterized with"Overall best,long-term benefit."Second,quantitative adaptation should be given more attention,e.g.proposing operational schemes and predictable goals and using uncertainty analysis on adaptation measures.Third,more active coping strategy should be adopted to enhance China's future comprehensive competitiveness.The strategies include but are not limited to gradually adjusting the industrial structure,intensifying the research and development(RD)of emission reduction technology and actively responding to the influence of carbon tax,tariff and trading on socioeconomic development in China.     

拮抗菌对黄瓜枯萎病菌的室内生物活性

测定了从沤肥浸渍液和土壤中分离并筛选得到对黄瓜枯萎病菌的室内生物活性的6个菌株,编号为94－I、94－Ⅱ、94－Ⅲ、96－Ⅰ和98－Ⅱ,测定其孢子悬浮培养16h时对黄瓜枯萎菌的抑制率分别为48．29％、0．00％、60．69％、39．28％、61．29％和72．32％,孢子和菌丝有的变畸形并产生大泡囊;平皿拮抗试验表明,其活体浓度为50％时对黄瓜枯萎病菌的抑制率最大分别为74．52％、83．27％、90．60％、88．59％、89．35％和94．30％;而其相同浓度高压蒸汽灭活后的代谢产物对黄瓜枯萎病菌的抑制率最大分别为33．215、52．22％、62．84％、46．57％、47．61％和70．34％。     

热带森林-砂仁生态系统可持续性的环境经济学分析

以曼么村为例 ,从环境经济学的观点出发 ,对热带森林 -砂仁生态系统的可持续性从经济及环境、生态等方面进行了分析。发现种植砂仁后 ,砂仁的经济效益的递增率不如资源环境成本的递增率快。生态环境的破坏 ,大大降低了砂仁的产量 ,从而更使得种植砂仁的经济效益停滞不前。由砂仁的外延式生产转为内涵式生产 ,采用轮作的经营方式 ,能很好地实现砂仁的持续种植     

An evaluation of improvements in the air quality of Beijing arising from the use of new vehicle emission standards

An innovative approach of mean emission by vehicle type was used in this paper to assess the impact of new vehicle emission standards in Beijing, China during the period of 2000–2005. It was found that CO and NO_x emissions decreased by 48% and 23%, respectively, from Type O (before 2000) to Type I (year 2000) vehicles. The reductions from Type O to Type II (year 2002) vehicles were 85% and 73% for CO and NO_x, respectively. When all three types of vehicles (Types O, I and II) are combined, the annual per vehicle CO emissions decreased from 586 kg per vehicle per year in 2000 to 324 kg per vehicle per year in 2005, while that of NO_x decreased from 66.9 to 43.4 kg per vehicle per year, which was mainly resulted from the impact of stringent new vehicle emission standards implemented in years 2000 and 2002. However, the vehicle population increased by 70% during the same time period, which offset the impact of cleaner vehicles. Thus, the total vehicle emission decreased little for CO (885,000 tons in 2000, 837,000 tons in 2005) and even increased slightly for NO_x (101,000 and 112,000 tons in 2000 and 2005, respectively). The ambient concentrations of CO decreased significantly throughout 2000–2005, the same trend was not observed for NO₂. Correlation analysis (grey correlation and Pearson correlation) between the annual vehicle emissions and annual concentrations of CO, the annual NO_x emission and annual NO₂ concentration indicated that the implementation of new vehicle emission standards was associated with the abatement of ambient CO and NO₂ concentrations in Beijing.     

中国表层水体沉积物中多环芳烃源解析及评价

采用索氏提取气相色谱-质谱法测定中国6个重点水体表层沉积物中16种多环芳烃的含量。各化合物含量范围分别为长江6.20~163 ng/g、淮河7.90~249 ng/g、海河12.1~401 ng/g、松花江5.75~152 ng/g、太湖29.1~2 810 ng/g和滇池19.1~795ng/g;16种多环芳烃的总量分别为：长江1 147 ng/g、淮河1 723 ng/g、海河2 595 ng/g、松花江793 ng/g、太湖12472 ng/g、滇池3 714 ng/g,属中等污染水平。利用特征分子比值法分析结果表明6条水体表层沉积物中PAHs均可能以燃料（包括柴油、汽油、煤、木材）燃烧以及焦化污染为主。淮河和滇池还可能存在轻微石油泄漏污染。利用沉积物质量基准法（SQGs）和沉积物质量标准法分别对6条水体表层沉积物中多环芳烃的风险评估表明严重的多环芳烃生态风险在这些水体表层沉积物中不存在,但长江、淮河、松花江、海河均可能存在一定的潜在风险,负面生物毒性效应会偶尔发生,风险主要来源于荧蒽和菲。太湖和滇池水体中存在的潜在多环芳烃风险种类较多,风险主要来源于菲、荧蒽、芘、苯并（a）蒽、苊和蒽,对水生生物毒性效应较高,有必要进行更深入细致的调查研究高风险区域底栖生物的受损状况、污染来源和途径,以制定合理的污染控制对策。