基于IWCPA模型的工业节水关键技术选择

通过建立工业节水潜力分析和技术综合评价模型(IWCPA模型),筛选了影响高耗水行业用水的关键技术.选定2002年为基准年,在2010年和2020年高耗水行业取水零增长的情景设定下,进行了分行业和行业耦合的技术综合评价及技术选择,确定了重要工业用水技术实施的优先序,建立了高耗水行业重要用水技术的优选清单.结果表明,未来15a内是否能够在若干工业用水关键技术的研究、应用和推广方面取得突破,是挖掘工业节水潜力、提高工业用水效率的关键.     

水力停留时间对膜生物反应器复合工艺污水处理特性的影响

开发了厌氧-多级好氧/缺氧-膜生物反应器复合工艺,在不同水力停留时间(HRT)下,考察了系统对污染物去除效果及其膜污染的特性.结果表明,在试验选定的HRT范围内,系统对TN和TP的去除率随着HRT的降低而升高,当HRT为8.70、6.96、4.97 h时,系统对TN和TP的平均去除率分别为73.15%、79.76%、81.98%和67.79%、80.99%、92.16%.但是,较低HRT条件下膜通量较高,会加剧膜污染进程.解决这一问题的措施是增加膜组件个数,从而在不提高膜通量的情况下使系统保持较低的HRT,保证系统高效稳定的污染物去除效果.     

荧光法研究DNA与蒽相互作用机理

利用荧光猝灭光谱和紫外-可见吸收光谱研究了体外DNA对蒽的荧光猝灭机理.结果表明,DNA的紫外-可见光谱没有发生红移现象,通过计算分析不同温度下的荧光猝灭常数和热力学参数,结合两种光谱分析可知DNA对蒽的荧光猝灭属于动态猝灭机理.     

内分泌干扰物对机体脂质代谢的影响及其机制研究进展

近年来许多动物实验研究表明,内分泌干扰物(endocrine disrupting chemicals,EDCs)暴露除了会损伤生殖、免疫和神经系统等,还能够干扰脂质代谢,增加肥胖、非酒精性脂肪肝和高脂血症等疾病的发病风险.笔者总结了多种EDCs对不同动物模型(哺乳动物、硬骨鱼类、两栖动物)脂质代谢的影响,主要包括促进...     

人工园林大面积种植区土地利用/覆被变化对生态系统服务价值影响

近10a来由于经济利益的驱动,橡胶、茶园、咖啡和桉树等人工园林在云南省西南部西盟县大规模种植,使土地利用结构和布局发生了较大变化,影响了种植区的生态系统服务价值。以西盟县为研究对象,基于2000年、2005年和2010年的遥感影像解译的土地利用/覆被数据,参照"中国生态系统单位面积生态服务价值当量",修订了西盟县生态系统单位面积服务价值,结合敏感度分析,探讨了土地利用/覆被变化及其对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明:(1)2000~2010年西盟县的耕地、园地、水域和乡镇用地面积增加,林地和草地面积减少,西南部的土地利用/覆盖类型相互转化主要表现在林地和耕地转化为园地,而东北部表现在林地转化为耕地;(2)从时间上看,生态系统服务价值呈减少趋势,10 a间净减少106.29×106元,林地的生态系统服务价值始终最高;(3)研究期内,只有食物生产服务有价值量的增加,其余生态系统服务的价值量均为不同程度的减少;(4)从空间上看,西盟县生态系统服务价值东北部和东南部高,西部、中部和东部低。力所乡生态系统服务价值有小幅度增加,其余乡镇均呈减少趋势。西盟县以经济利益为目的的发展模式给生态系统服务和可持续发展带来巨大压力,在一定程度上使区域整体生态效应下降。因此,西盟县的发展应该在保证生态系统稳定的前提下,适当发展园地,同时优化土地利用结构,在生态效益和经济利益之间,找到双赢的平衡点。     

Linking landscape development intensity within watersheds to methyl-mercury accumulation in river sediments

An indicator of the disturbance of natural systems, the landscape development intensity (LDI) index, was used to assess the potential for land-use within watersheds to influence the production/accumulation of methyl-mercury (MeHg) in river sediments. Sediment samples were collected from locations impacted by well-identified land-use types within the Mobile-Alabama River Basin in Southeastern USA. The samples were analyzed for total-Hg (THg) and MeHg concentrations and the obtained values correlated to the calculated LDI indexes of the sampled watersheds to assess the impact of prevalent land use/land cover on MeHg accumulation in sediments. The results show that unlike THg, levels of MeHg found in sediments are impacted by the LDI indexes. Overall, certain combinations of land-use types within a given watershed appear to be more conducive to MeHg accumulation than others, therefore, pointing to the possibility of targeting land-use practices as potential means for reducing MeHg accumulation in sediments, and ultimately, fish contamination.     

Increasing the recovery of heavy metal ions using two microbial fuel cells operating in parallel with no power output

The present study aimed to improve the performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) by using an intermittent connection period without power output. Connecting two MFCs in parallel improved the voltage output of both MFCs until the voltage stabilized. Electric energy was accumulated in two MFCs containing heavy metal ions copper, zinc, and cadmium as electron acceptors by connection in parallel for several hours. The system was then switched to discharge mode with single MFCs with a 1000-Ω resistor connected between anode and cathode. This method successfully achieved highly efficient removal of heavy metal ions. Even when the anolyte was run in sequencing batch mode, the insufficient voltage and power needed to recover heavy metals from the cathode of MFCs can be complemented by the developed method. The average removal ratio of heavy metal ions in sequencing batch mode was 67 % after 10 h. When the discharge time was 20 h, the removal ratios of zinc, copper, and cadmium were 91.5, 86.7, and 83.57 %, respectively; the average removal ratio of these ions after 20 h was only 52.1 % for the control group. Therefore, the average removal efficiency of heavy metal ions increased by 1.75 times using the electrons stored from the bacteria under the open-circuit conditions in parallel mode. Electrochemical impedance data showed that the anode had lower solution resistance and polarization resistance in the parallel stage than as a single MFC, and capacitance increased with the length of time in parallel.

     

Influence of filtration velocity on DON variation in BAF for micropolluted surface water treatment

Biological aerated filters (BAFs) are widely used for the treatment of micropolluted surface water. However, the biological process produces dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), which, as precursors of nitrogenous disinfection by-products, pose potential threats to drinking water safety. Therefore, to control DON in BAF effluent, it is necessary to study the influence of BAF operation parameters on DON production. In this study, the influence of filtration velocity in a BAF on DON production was investigated. Under different filtration velocity (0.5, 2, and 4 m/h) conditions, profiles of DON concentrations along the media layer were measured. The profile at a filtration velocity of 0.5 m/h showed a decreasing trend, and the ones under filtration velocities of 2 and 4 m/h fluctuated in a small range (from 0.1 to 0.4 mg/L). Moreover, the relatively high filtration velocities of 2 and 4 m/h resulted in a lower level of DON concentration. Additionally, 3D excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy was used to characterize DON. It is found that the patterns of DON at a relatively high filtration velocity condition (4 m/h) were obviously different from the ones under low filtration velocity conditions (0.5 and 2 m/h).