基于致洪暴雨预报的三峡水库洪水预估系统及试验评估

介绍了一种基于致洪暴雨预报,结合水文控制站水位、流量信息,运用多元统计回归模型开展的三峡水库洪水程度分级预估的方法.通过历史回代和2010、2011年预估试验应用表明:该预估系统稳定可靠,适用于三峡水库洪水程度预估,对三峡上游暴雨引发的洪水程度能进行准确的预估,而且对三峡上游支流的暴雨洪水预测也有一定的预见性.应用该系统三峡水库的洪水预见期可达3d以上,能为防汛决策和三峡水库防洪调度赢得时间.     

Degradation and Pathway of Tetracycline Hydrochloride in Aqueous Solution by Potassium Ferrate

In the context of water treatment, the ferrate ([FeO(4)](2-)) ion has long been known for its strong oxidizing power and for producing a coagulant from its reduced form [i.e., Fe(III)]. However, it has not been widely applied in water treatment, because of preparation difficulties and high cost. This article describes a low-cost procedure for producing solid potassium ferrate. In this synthetic procedure, NaClO was used in place of chlorine generation; and 10?M KOH was used in place of saturated KOH in the previous procedures. In addition, this study investigated the reactions of potassium ferrate with tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) at different pH and molar ratios. Results showed that the optimal pH range for TC degradation was pH 9-10, and TC could be mostly removed by Fe(VI) in 60?s. However, results showed >70% of TC degraded and <15% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) reduction at molar ratio of 1:20. The main degradation pathway of TC is proposed based on the experimental data.     

Arsenic, copper, and zinc contamination in soil and wheat during coal mining, with assessment of health risks for the inhabitants of Huaibei, China

Field studies were conducted to investigate arsenic (As), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) contamination in agricultural soils and wheat crops at two areas in Huaibei, China. Area A is in the proximity of Shuoli coal mine. In area B, three coal mines and a coal cleaning plant were distributed. The potential health risk of As, Cu, and Zn exposure to the local inhabitants through consumption of wheat grains was also estimated. The results showed that significantly higher (p?<?0.05) concentrations of As, Cu, and Zn were found in soils collected from area B than in those from area A. Arsenic concentrations in wheat sampled from area A were negatively correlated with the distance from the coal mine (p?<?0.001). Concentrations of Cu and Zn in wheat seedlings and grains collected from area B were significantly higher (p?<?0.05) than in those collected from area A, with the exception of Zn in wheat seedlings. Concentrations of Cu and Zn in most wheat grain samples were above the permissible limits of Cu and Zn in edible plants set by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization. The hazard index of aggregate risk through consumption of wheat grains was 2.3–2.4 for rural inhabitants and 1.4–1.5 for urban inhabitants. The average intake of inorganic As for rural inhabitants in Huaibei was above 10 μg day^?1. These findings indicated that the inhabitants around the coal mine are experiencing a significant potential health risk due to the consumption of locally grown wheat.     

自燃煤矸石山覆盖材料压缩及压实特性实验

自燃煤矸石山表面构建覆盖层,需要具备一定的低渗透性能以有效阻隔空气,防止煤矸石山内部发生自燃。本研究通过室内实验,测定煤矸石山构建覆盖层涉及的碾压材料包括黄土、粉煤灰及掺有粉煤灰的混合土样的界限含水率、一维压缩特性及压实特性,揭示和分析7种覆盖材料配方的压缩压实特性,表明覆盖材料通过碾压可有效阻隔空气,起到阻燃作用;将粉煤灰掺人到一般黄土材料中,可减缓混合土样击实曲线的陡峭性,从而降低材料在碾压中对含水率的敏感度。实验旨在为进行煤矸石山覆盖层碾压提供科学的实验数据及设计参数。     

Occurrence and distribution of organic trace substances in waters from the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

This study deals with the evaluation of water quality of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in order to assess its suitability as a raw water source for drinking water production. Therefore, water samples from (1) surface water, (2) tap water, and (3) wastewater treatment plant effluents were taken randomly by 2011–2012 in the area of the TGR and were analyzed for seven different organic contaminant groups (207 substances in total), applying nine different analytical methods. In the three sampled water sources, typical contaminant patterns were found, i.e., pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in surface water with concentrations of 0.020–3.5 μg/L and 0.004–0.12 μg/L, disinfection by-products in tap water with concentrations of 0.050–79 μg/L, and pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plant effluents with concentrations of 0.020–0.76 μg/L, respectively. The most frequently detected organic compounds in surface water (45 positives out of 57 samples) were the pyridine pesticides clopyralid and picloram. The concentrations might indicate that they are used on a regular basis and in conjunction in the area of the TGR. Three- and four-ring PAH were ubiquitously distributed, while the poorly soluble five- and six-ring members, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, were below the detection limit. In general, the detected concentrations in TGR are in the same range or even lower compared to surface waters in western industrialized countries, although contaminant loads can still be high due to a high discharge. With the exception of the two pesticides, clopyralid and picloram, concentrations of the investigated organic pollutants in TGR meet the limits of the Chinese Standards for Drinking Water Quality GB 5749 (Ministry of Health of China and Standardization Administration of China 2006) and the European Union (EU) Council Directive 98/83/EC on the quality of water intended for human consumption (The Council of the European Union 1998), or rather, the EU Directive on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy (The European Parliament and The Council of the European Union 2008). Therefore, the suggested use of surface water from TGR for drinking water purposes is a valid option. Current treatment methods, however, do not seem to be efficient since organic pollutants were detected in significant concentrations in purified tap water.     

Gridded inventories of historical usage for selected organochlorine pesticides in Gansu Province, China

HCHs and DDTs were banned in 1983 in China; however, they are still remaining in various environmental media. Since endosulfan was introduced in China in 1994, it is widely used in agriculture. In this study, temporal and spatial uses of endosulfan, HCHs, and DDTs in Gansu province of China have been presented. It is estimated that the total usage is 701 tons for endosulfan between 1994 and 2007, 1,712 tons for HCHs between 1952 and 1983, and 462 tons for DDTs between 1951 and 1983, respectively. Endosulfan usage increased dramatically in 1998 due to its application on other crops except on cotton. The HCH and DDT usage displayed a rapid increase after 1972, reaching the peak in 1976 and in 1975, respectively; since then, they declined until being banned in 1983. The gridded usage inventories of these three kinds of organochlorine pesticides in Gansu province, with a 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution, have been created by using different crops for endosulfan and the area of dry farmland for HCHs and DDTs as surrogate data. The most intensive use was in northwestern regions for endosulfan and southeastern regions for HCHs and DDTs in Gansu province.     

炼焦煤尾煤催化热解制取富氢燃料气

以炼焦煤原煤、尾煤为研究对象,采用微量热重、常量固定床实验装置对其在热解过程中的质量变化和气相产物进行了对比分析。考察了温度、6种催化剂（CaO、MgO、Fe、Ni、NaOH、A1）及其添加比例对炼焦煤尾煤热解制取富氢燃料气的影响。结果表明,尾煤中富集的无机矿物质对热解制取富氢燃料气有促进作用,单位尾煤热解H2产率要比原煤高出1．93％。温度是影响尾煤热解产气的重要参数,热解终温的上升有利于H2产量的提高,随终温800℃升高到950℃H,产量增长了32．59mL／g。在催化热解实验中,除Al和MgO对尾煤热解有抑制作用外,CaO、Fe、Ni及NaOH均对尾煤热解产H2有促进作用,以CaO和Fe效果最为明显。并且不同添加比例的CaO和Fe对热解制取富氢燃料有一定的影响。     

不同工艺对含高浓度腐殖酸地下水处理的可行性

针对内蒙古农村地区高腐殖酸地下水的处理问题,分别对（pH调节）-PAC强化混凝、高锰酸钾预氧化／混凝、活性炭吸附／混凝、Fenton氧化等技术处理的可行性进行了研究,同时利用三维荧光和高效体积排阻色谱分析处理前后水中有机物的组成变化特征。有机分析结果显示,水中的有机物为腐殖酸类物质,分子量分别为1600和3500,腐殖酸类物质为水中色度的主要贡献者。原水PAC强化混凝、高锰酸钾预氧化／PAC混凝对有机物的去除效果不佳,处理前后水样DOC浓度无明显变化,而pH调节．PAC强化混凝、微米活性炭吸附和Fenton氧化均能有效去除有机物。将原水pH调节至6．5,经300mg／LPAC混凝后出水DOC降至5．99mg／L。活性炭投加量为0．6g／L时,DOC降至7．6mg／L,然后采用60mg／LPAC混凝出去高度分散而不易沉降的小颗粒活性炭。此外,当反应初始pH值为3,过氧化氢投加量为0．5％（v／v）,亚铁和双氧水摩尔比为0．05时,出水DOC降至5．6mg／L,氧化后有小分子有机物生成。     

CTMAB／SDS改性沸石对水中痕量邻苯二甲酸酯吸附机制

以季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂CTMAB及阴离子表面活性剂SDS对粉末状天然沸石进行复合改性,制备得到了CTMAB／SDS改性沸石。对改性沸石及天然沸石进行红外吸收光谱及XRD衍射表征,并研究了PAEs在天然沸石和CT-MAB／SDS改性沸石上的吸附机制。结果表明,阴阳离子表面活性剂没有对层状结构的键型造成较大的影响;PAEs在天然沸石和CTMAB／SDS改性沸石上的吸附更符合表面吸附一分配作用复合模型;PAEs的表面吸附和分配作用对吸附作用的贡献主要受吸附剂中有机质含量及吸附物质大小、极性及溶解度的影响。     

Tracer-based source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 in Guangzhou, southern China, using positive matrix factorization (PMF)

From 28 November to 23 December 2009, 24-h?PM_2.5 samples were collected simultaneously at six sites in Guangzhou. Concentrations of 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) together with certain molecular tracers for vehicular emissions (i.e., hopanes and elemental carbon), coal combustion (i.e., picene), and biomass burning (i.e., levoglucosan) were determined. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model combined with tracer data was applied to explore the source contributions to PAHs. Three sources were identified by both inspecting the dominant tracer(s) in each factor and comparing source profiles derived from PMF with determined profiles in Guangzhou or in the Pearl River Delta region. The three sources identified were vehicular emissions (VE), biomass burning (BB), and coal combustion (CC), accounting for 11?±?2 %, 31?±?4 %, and 58?±?4 % of the total PAHs, respectively. CC replaced VE to become the most important source of PAHs in Guangzhou, reflecting the effective control of VE in recent years. The three sources had different contributions to PAHs with different ring sizes, with higher BB contributions (75?±?3 %) to four-ring PAHs such as pyrene and higher CC contributions (57?±?4 %) to six-ring PAHs such as benzo[ghi]perylene. Temporal variations of VE and CC contributions were probably caused by the change of weather conditions, while temporal variations of BB contributions were additionally influenced by the fluctuation of BB emissions. Source contributions also showed some spatial variations, probably due to the source emission variations near the sampling sites.