滇池沉积物有机磷形态分级特征

考察沉积物磷对湖泊富营养化贡献时,大量研究涉足无机磷,对有机磷的研究十分薄弱.针对滇池的33个沉积物样品,采用有机磷分级提取方法,将沉积物有机磷分为活性磷、中等活性磷、非活性磷等三种具有不同稳定性的有机磷.结果表明:排除滇池西北部外源污染严重的样品后,沉积物有机磷与总磷有自北向南逐渐降低的变化趋势,有机质与总磷、活性有机磷、中等活性有机磷以及非活性有机磷都表现出了显著相关关系.沉积物活性有机磷和中等活性有机磷与NaHCO3提取无机磷均显著相关,说明二者具有潜在的生物有效性.     

应用遥感、GIS对稻田生态系统健康程度的监测评价研究——以长江下游平原为例

稻田生态系统是在一定时间和地区内由作物、动物、微生物和环境因素共同构成的农业生产体系,具有时空动态性,受人工调控性和环境影响很大.由于稻谷是我国最主要的粮食作物,因此稻田生态系统健康程度直接关系着稻谷产出水平和国家粮食安全.开展我国稻田生态系统健康程度的动态监测,具有十分重要的现实意义.该研究利用遥感、GIS技术快速获取和分析区域尺度范围内的地表时空信息数据的优势,建立一套能够客观全面地监测评价稻田生态系统运行状态的指标体系和评价方法.该方法主要是根据稻田生态系统的构成要素,分别建立作物长势指数(CGI)、稻田环境指数(EI)、病虫害指数(PIDI)三个指数表征这些要素.最后,确定各个指数的权重,建立生态系统健康程度综合指数(EHDCI),客观、全面地反映稻田生态系统的健康状况.这里,作物长势指数指示作物长势,通过EVI归一化计算得到.稻田环境指数分为温度指数(TI)和降水指数(PI)分别指代水、热条件对生态系统的胁迫.病虫害指数主要通过官方农业网站发布的病虫害信息确定得到.本文以长江下游平原稻田为例,对孕穗期、抽穗期、黄熟期等水稻生长     

Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in a municipal wastewater treatment plant: mass balance and removal processes

Occurrence and removal efficiencies of fifteen pharmaceuticals were investigated in a conventional municipal wastewater treatment plant in Michigan. Concentrations of these pharmaceuticals were determined in both wastewater and sludge phases by a high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer. Detailed mass balance analysis was conducted during the whole treatment process to evaluate the contributing processes for pharmaceutical removal. Among the pharmaceuticals studied, demeclocycline, sulfamerazine, erythromycin and tylosin were not detected in the wastewater treatment plant influent. Other target pharmaceuticals detected in wastewater were also found in the corresponding sludge phase. The removal efficiencies of chlortetracycline, tetracycline, sulfamerazine, acetaminophen and caffeine were >99%, while doxycycline, oxytetracycline, sulfadiazine and lincomycin exhibited relatively lower removal efficiencies (e.g., <50%). For sulfamethoxazole, the removal efficiency was approximately 90%. Carbamazepine manifested a net increase of mass, i.e. 41% more than the input from the influent. Based on the mass balance analysis, biotransformation is believed to be the predominant process responsible for the removal of pharmaceuticals (22% to 99%), whereas contribution of sorption to sludge was relatively insignificant (7%) for the investigated pharmaceuticals.     

Preparation of spherical iron nanoclusters in ethanol-water solution for nitrate removal

In this study, a higher surface area spherical nanoscale zero valent iron (HNZVI) cluster (80 nm, 54.25 m(2)g(-1)) was synthesized in ethanol-water mixed solvent in the presence of dispersion agent of polyglycol (PEG). At the same time, a lower surface area nanoscale zero valent iron (LNZVI) particle (80 nm, 8.08 m(2)g(-1)) was also prepared with only de-ioned water as reaction media. Their structures, compositions and physical properties were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometer (ICP-AES), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analyzer and the results obtained for these two kinds of nanoscale iron were compared with each other and also with those reported in the literatures. The HNZVI clusters seemed to be accumulated by smaller iron particles (<10 nm). At the same time, whiskers were formed in the final produce. Reactivity of the HNZVI was affirmed via denitrification of nitrate. The factors controlling the reduction of nitrate, such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), iron content as well as the initial nitrate concentration were also discussed. Finally, kinetic analysis revealed that chemical reduction of nitrate by HNZVI could not be described by the first- or pseudo-first-order kinetic model.     

软岩地基下AP1000核电屏蔽厂房结构地震响应研究

以AP1000核电屏蔽厂房结构为研究对象,进行考虑土-结构相互作用的地震响应分析,探讨不同厚度和不同地表倾斜角度软岩场地对屏蔽厂房结构地震响应的影响。利用ABAQUS有限元软件建立了软岩层厚度分别为25、30、35、40m以及地表倾斜角度分别为0°、3°和6°的土-结构相互作用模型,实现了地震动输入。对计算所得楼层响应谱进行对比分析可知,软岩层较硬岩层对地震传播有一定的放大效应,软岩层厚度的增加会使峰值频率往低频方向移动;倾斜场地对楼层响应谱高频部分有一定的放大效应。该研究结果对软岩场地下核电厂抗震安全评价具有一定参考意义。     

螺旋式热源PCC能量桩桩身变形数值模拟研究

采用多场耦合软件,建立了螺旋式热源PCC能量桩数值分析模型,分析了温度、荷载、热源匝数、桩长、混凝土密度及混凝土弹性模量等因素对能量桩桩身应变分布的影响。研究结果表明:在无热源情况下,PCC能量桩桩身应变随着桩顶荷载的增大而增大,沿着桩身自上而下逐渐减小;热源的存在会导致桩身应变由正变负,说明了温度因素的主导性;桩身应变会随热源温度的升高而减小,在同一热源温度下相同位置处桩身应变均随着桩顶荷载的增加而增加;设定在热源温度50.5 ℃和桩端顶面40 kN荷载条件下,热源匝数数量的减少会导致桩身应变的增大;桩身应变随着桩长的不断减小而减小;混凝土密度的减小使得桩身应变不断减小;混凝土弹性模量减小导致桩身应变的增大。     

安徽省农业灾害系统的灾度预评估研究

本文从区域灾害系统的概念出发,选用16项指标对安徽省农业灾害系统(79个县、市)进行了灾度的R型因子分析预评估,并探讨了灾度指数空间分异的基本格局及其成因。     

遗传算法在结构损伤识别中的应用研究

结构损伤识别是结构系统在使用期间进行监测和维护的重要组成部分,而基于动态测试技术的结构损伤识别方法又是近来研究的热点。本文提出了一种基于改进遗传算法的结构损伤识别方法,主要改进包括:浮点编码、基于标准化几何分布排名的选择策略、最优保存策略、算术交叉算子、非均匀变异算子。在常规模态分析的基础上,以节点的残余力向量构造目标函数,提出了一种用于遗传搜索优化的新的目标函数形式。利用遗传算法重点进行了噪声条件下的结构损伤定位和定量研究,并用一平面桁架模型进行了数值模拟。结果表明:提出的方法不仅能够同时进行结构的损伤定位和定量计算,而且抗噪性能很好。最后,对方法应用中存在的一些问题进行了深入分析,给出了一些有益的结论。     

Carbonaceous matter in glacier at the headwaters of the Yangtze River: Concentration, sources and fractionation during the melting process

Carbonaceous matter has an important impact on glacial retreat in the Tibetan Plateau,further affecting the water resource supply.However,the related studies on carbonaceous matter are still scarce in Geladaindong(GLDD) region,the source of the Yangtze River.Therefore,the concentration,source and variations of carbonaceous matter at Ganglongjiama(GLJM) glacier in GLDD region were investigated during the melting period in 2017,which could deepen our understanding on carbonaceous matter contributi...     

A review of atmospheric benzene homologues in China: Characterization, health risk assessment, source identification and countermeasures

Benzene homologues are important chemical precursors to the formation of ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosol(SOA) in the atmosphere,in addition,some toxic species are harmful to human health.Strict countermeasures have been taken to fight air pollution since 2013,and total amount control of volatile organic compounds is being promoted in China at present.Therefore,it is important to understand the pollution situation and the control status of ambient benzene homologues in China.This...