铜、镉及其交互作用对泡泡草细胞超微结构的影响

为了解铜、镉对泡泡草根、茎、叶细胞亚显微结构的毒害及作用位点 ,以期为进一步研究鸭跖草属植物的耐重金属机理提供理论基础 ,本文通过透射电子显微技术研究了 75 μmol·L-1铜和 5 0 μmol·L-1镉及其交互污染对泡泡草根、茎、叶细胞超微结构的影响和铜、镉在细胞中的分布 .结果表明 :75 μmol·L-1铜和 5 0 μmol·L-1镉均对泡泡草根细胞造成明显损伤 .铜使根细胞产生质壁分离、细胞质浓缩、部分细胞空泡化 ,使线粒体脊突消失、结构模糊、外膜破坏 ;镉使根细胞空泡化 ,并在部分空泡化的细胞里产生大小不等的颗粒状物 ;铜、镉交互污染使根细胞受害程度加深 ,并兼有两者的受害症状特征 :线粒体结构彻底破坏、空泡化细胞里的颗粒物更大电子密度更高、质壁分离现象更普遍、质膜上的颗粒物沉淀更大 .铜、镉及其交互污染使泡泡草茎细胞产生质壁分离 ,对叶细胞无明显伤害 .所以铜、镉及其交互作用在试验浓度下 ,对泡泡草各器官的损伤程度为根 >茎 >叶 .     

淹水条件下不同氮磷钾肥对土壤pH和镉有效性的影响研究

针对稻田土壤镉污染的问题,探讨常用氮、磷、钾肥料品种对土壤镉有效性的影响,采用淹水培养方法,研究了在水稻生长季节施用不同肥料或添加酸、碱对土壤中镉有效性的影响.结果表明,土壤淹水后pH显著增加,特别是培养初期;随着培养时间的延长,pH逐渐回落,并趋向中性.土壤中有效Cd的变化趋势与pH变化趋势相反,两者间存在显著的线性负相关,淹水使土壤有效Cd下降58.2%~84.1%.肥料类型/品种对土壤镉有效性的影响存在显著差异,氮肥的影响较为复杂,钾肥其次,磷肥最小.在所有肥料中,氯化铵对土壤pH降低最多,对Cd的有效性增加最大;其他肥料依次为尿素、过磷酸钙和氯化钾.硫酸铵、硫酸钾和磷酸一铵都显著降低了土壤Cd的有效性.无论是否经过淹水培养,添加酸、碱后土壤pH与土壤有效Cd呈显著负相关,相关系数(R)分别为-0.994和-0.919.本研究进一步表明,在受Cd污染的酸性水稻土上,应避免施用氯化铵,选用含硫肥料,配合施用碱性物质,并在水稻生长过程中保持淹水状态,可有效降低土壤Cd的有效性.     

应用物种敏感性分布评估重金属对海洋生物的生态风险

应用生态风险评价中的物种敏感性分布(species sensitivity distributions,SSD)方法构建了8种常见重金属元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Pb、Zn)对海洋生物的SSD曲线。在此基础上计算了8种重金属对海洋生物的5%危害浓度(HC5)及其不同暴露浓度对海洋生物的潜在影响比例(PAF),比较了海洋脊椎动物和无脊椎动物对8种重金属的敏感性以及不同重金属的急性生态风险。结果表明,重金属对甲壳类的生态风险均比鱼类大。8种重金属元素对所研究的海洋生物全部物种的HC5值的排序为Pb>Mn>Zn>Cr>Cu>Hg>Cd>As。暴露浓度小于10μg·L-1时,Cr和Hg的生态风险差异不大。在10μg·L-1的暴露浓度下,As、Cd、Cu和Hg均使全部物种中超过10%的生物受到影响。随着浓度升高,不同重金属的生态风险有不同幅度的增大,当浓度达到1000μg·L-1时,分别有82.49%、87.31%和85.90%的物种受到As、Cu和Hg的损害。不同生物的敏感性顺序会随重金属的浓度范围发生变化。     

低pH值,铝及钙铝比对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)谷胱甘肽含量影响研究

本文研究了低pH值条件下,铝及钙铝比对斜生栅藻生长及细胞中谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平的影响.结果表明,低pH值和铝对藻的生长具有抑制作用,而对细胞中GSH水平则有显著激发作用;当培养基中加入适量钙离子,一定程度降低藻细胞中GSH水平.这说明钙对低pH值及铝的毒害具有一定缓解作用,其缓解程度主要取决于钙与铝的相对量;并讨论了钙缓解作用的可能机理.     

粤西典型崩岗侵蚀剖面可蚀性因子初步分析

广东崩岗侵蚀区土壤可蚀性研究是认识崩岗侵蚀机制的重要环节,而不同粒级土壤颗粒组成、有机质含量与可蚀性因子K又是评价土壤可蚀性的重要参数.针对粤西典型红壤侵蚀区的两种不同侵蚀强度的花岗岩风化壳侵蚀土壤剖面,从垂向上研究了两种剖面中土壤颗粒组成特性、有机质空间变化,并利用USLE模型中的土壤可蚀性K因子修正方程计算了两种不同侵蚀程度剖面的可蚀性K因子,分析了三个指标与土壤侵蚀的关系,发现典型花岗岩区土壤侵蚀剖面的土壤颗粒组成、有机质和可蚀性K因子呈现较好的规律性,表现为:自剖面上部至下部,土壤颗粒组成逐渐变粗,土壤有机质质量分数递减,可蚀性K因子逐渐升高,三个指标在红土层与砂土层过渡区(剖面2～3 m深度范围)分界明显,界面上下含量相差悬殊;相同层位对比研究发现,强侵蚀剖面相对于弱侵蚀剖面,土壤的黏粒与土壤有机质质量分数更低,可蚀性K因子值更大;两剖面中三个指标的相关性研究表明,土壤黏粒、粉粒、有机质质量分数与土壤可蚀性K因子具有显著相关性.综合分析认为,在广东崩岗侵蚀区,不同粒级土壤颗粒组成、有机质含量及可蚀性K因子的空间变化均可有效地反映来源于花岗岩风化壳的土壤之可蚀性.     

Genotoxic potential of organic extracts from municipal reclaimed water in Tianjin,China

Despite increasing pressure to make more efficient use of water resources, the widespread use of reclaimed water still remains a contentious issue, primarily because of risks to human health arising from water pollution by organic compounds. Therefore, safety evaluation of reclaimed water is an urgent need. The aim of this study was to determine the genotoxic potential of reclaimed water during low and high water periods. Reverse phase C-18 solid-phase extraction (RP-C18SPE) was used for the extraction of organic compounds from water samples. The tests, namely, Ames, micronucleus and chromosome aberrations were used to determine the damage caused by water samples on genetic material. Ames tests showed that both influent and effluent reclaimed water, except influent after metabolism by S9 in high water period, induced mutation of TA98 and TA100 strains of Salmonella typhimurium in a concentration-response manner. There were no significant differences in micronucleus and chromosome aberration tests. Even after treatment, reclaimed water in Tianjin still showed mutational effects and new strategies for reduction of genotoxins need to be considered.     

Distribution,sources and potential risk of HCH and DDT in soils from a typical alluvial plain of the Yangtze River Delta region,China

Spatial distribution, sources and potential health risks of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), in surface soils (n = 544) collected from a typical alluvial plain of the Yangtze River Delta region, China, were elucidated. Concentrations of ΣHCH and ΣDDT in soils ranged from less than the limit of detection (<LOD) to 99.0 ng g^?1, dry weight (dw) (mean 3.23 ng g^?1 dw) and <LOD to 600 ng g^?1 dw (mean 88.8 ng g^?1 dw), respectively. Historical applications of HCH and DDT were the major sources of the residue in soils. HCH was mainly distributed in Anthrosols in the southern part of the watershed, while DDT was mainly distributed in Cambosols in the northern part. The 95 % cumulative probability incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) of different age groups such as children, youths, and adults all exceeded the acceptable risk level of 10^?6 recommended by USEPA for carcinogenic chemicals. The spatial distributions of ∑ILCRs were consistent with concentrations of OCPs in soils, while they were slight different for the different age groups. Adult females had the greatest risk of OCPs in soils, followed by children, while youths had the least risk. The ingestion of OCPs in soils was the more important route of exposure compared with dermal and inhalation exposures. The concentration of OCPs in soils, the particulate emission factor, the fraction of dermal exposure ratio, and the soil ingestion rate were the major contributing variables to total ILCRs according to sensitivity analyses.     

城市固体有机废物堆肥实验装置设计

根据城市固体有机废物的特点和性质 ,设计了一种堆肥的实验装置 ,该设计包括空间结构设计、通风系统设计和搅拌系统设计。空间结构设计的特点是小型的、用于实验室研究的、仓式动态好氧结构 ;通风系统的设计则是以供氧、散热和去除水分所需通风量为基础 ;搅拌系统设计包括搅拌器的结构设计和所需动力设计     

地下渗滤系统在污水处理中的应用研究进展

地下渗滤系统是一种基于自然生态原理的污水净化技术 ,在我国有着良好的可行性和发展前景。本文总结介绍了地下渗滤系统的类型 ,概括分析了地下渗滤系统中的关键性问题———土壤的选择与配制、水力负荷的选取、氮磷去除问题和土壤堵塞问题     

Concentrations, distribution, and bioaccumulation of synthetic musks in the Haihe River of China

Seven typical synthetic musks (SMs) in the samples from the surface water, sediment and fish of the Haihe River were measured. The SM concentrations in the sediment and surface water of the Haihe River were significantly lower than those in the Dagu Drainage River and Chentaizi Drainage River (p < 0.05). Along the flow direction, the SM concentrations in surface water and sediment tended to increase from the upstream to the downstream of Dagu Drainage River. The Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) were calculated at high levels in the muscles of crucian carp, common carp, and silver carp. Most of the biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) for HHCB and AHTN were higher than 1.7, suggesting magnification possibly exist in the musk bioaccumulations of the three fishes in the Haihe River. No significant differences in HHCB/AHTN ratios were observed among the water, fish, and sediment samples (p > 0.05). However, the HHCB/AHTN values in the Haihe River were much lower than those in the Dagu Drainage River and Chentaizi Drainage River (p < 0.05). Compared with several typical persistent organic pollutants (POPs), the musk concentrations were higher or comparable in the Haihe River.