Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from diesel engine retrofitted with selective catalytic reduction and continuously regenerating trap

Two after treatment units, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and continuously regenerating trap (CRT), were independently retrofitted to a diesel engine, with the objective to investigate their impact on the conversion/reduction (CR) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The experiments were conducted under the European steady state cycle (ESC) first without any retrofits to get baseline emissions, and then with SCR and CRT respectively, on the same engine. The particulate matter (PM)-phase PAHs were trapped in fiberglass filters, whereas gas-phase PAHs were collected in cartridges, and then analyzed using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Both PM-phase and gas-phase PAHs were greatly reduced with CRT showing respective CR of 90.7% and above 80%, whereas only gas-phase PAHs were abated in the case of SCR, with CR of above 75%. Lower molecular weight (LMW) PAHs were in abundance, while naphthalene exhibited a maximum relative contribution (RC) to LMW-PAHs for all three cases. Further, the CR of naphthalene and anthracene were increased with increasing catalyst temperature of SCR, most likely due to their conversion to solid particles. Moreover, the Benzo[a]Pyrene equivalent (BaP_eq) of PAHs was greatly reduced with CRT, owing to substantial reduction of total PAHs.     

六磊塘2005～2012年水质变化趋势分析

采用综合污染指数法,评价了六磊塘2005～2012年间在丰水期、平水期、枯水期和全年的水质达标情况,计算了主要污染物的污染负荷,得到了水质的时间变化特征。结果表明,2005—2012年,六磊塘水质呈现改善趋势,水质整体呈现轻到中度污染;枯水期水质污染最重,丰水期和平水期水质污染相对较轻;各主要污染物中,氨氮的污染负荷最大,五日生化需氧量和高锰酸盐指数的污染负荷最小。研究结果为六磊塘的地表水质监测和污染防治等工作提供了重要依据。     

Haze insights and mitigation in China: An overview

The present article provides an overview of the chemical and physical features of haze in China, focusing on the relationship between haze and atmospheric fine particles, and the formation mechanism of haze. It also summarizes several of control technologies and strategies to mitigate the occurrence of haze. The development of instruments and the analysis of measurements of ambient particles and precursor concentrations have provided important information about haze formation. Indeed, the use of new instruments has greatly facilitated current haze research in China. Examples of insightful results include the relationship between fine particles and haze, the chemical compositions and sources of particles, the impacts of the aging process on haze formation, and the application of technologies that control the formation of haze. Based on these results, two relevant issues need to be addressed： understanding the relationship between haze and fine particles and understanding how to control PM2.5.     

6种消解方法对荧光测定生物体内聚苯乙烯微塑料的影响

微塑料污染已经成为全球性的环境问题,引起了人们的广泛关注,为了评估微塑料的生物效应,对生物体内微塑料进行准确定量成为了亟待解决的问题.在已有的微塑料研究中,利用荧光强度进行生物体内微塑料定量是较为常用的方法,而对生物样品进行消解则是重要的前处理方法.然而,消解可能会对微塑料产生破坏,影响微塑料的荧光强度,导致微塑料浓度的测定值与真实值存在巨大偏差.目前关于消解对微塑料荧光强度影响的研究比较匮乏,而荧光强度直接影响微塑料定量结果的准确性.因此本文研究了文献中常用的6种消解剂,分别为KOH、NaOH、H_2O_2、HNO_3、HNO_3∶HCl和HNO_3∶HClO_4,探究了不同消解方法对微塑料荧光强度和表面形态的影响,并选出最合适的微塑料消解方法.结果表明在6种不同消解方法中,KOH消解法(100 g·L~(-1),60℃)对微塑料的荧光强度影响最小,且对微塑料的表面形态没有明显影响.而另外5种消解法都不同程度地降低了微塑料的荧光强度,并造成了微塑料表面损伤,主要包括团聚、气泡、轻划痕以及深凹陷等.此外,利用KOH消解法对生物样品中的微塑料进行提取效率评估,回收率高达96.3%±0.5%,表明KOH消解法是一种合适的生物样品中荧光微塑料的提取方法.     

秋冬季厦门岛大气颗粒物中PCBs的污染特征及入海通量

于2006至2008年秋季和冬季在台湾海峡西岸厦门岛采集大气颗粒物样品,分析28种多氯联苯（PCBs）,包括指示性PCBs和类二恶英PCBs的含量特征及组成,探讨其可能来源,并对其干沉降入海通量进行估算。结果显示,2006至2008年秋冬季厦门岛大气颗粒物中PCBs的浓度分别为0.43~53.55、2.07~81.14和3.79~153.39 pg/m³,主要以高氯取代PCBs为主,类二恶英PCBs毒性当量值与主要城市相当。冬季PCBs浓度高于秋季,且2006至2008年的秋冬季PCBs浓度呈上升趋势,这可能受到厦门市汽车尾气和工业废气排放等人类活动导致大气颗粒物含量升高的影响。气团后向轨迹分析表明,冬季厦门岛大气颗粒物中较高浓度的PCBs主要受中国北方大陆污染气团来源的影响,而秋季大多来源于洁净海洋气团。秋季和冬季,大气颗粒物中PCBs的沉降通量分别为3.79和8.32 ng/（m²·d）,按调查区域覆盖面积（63 000 km²）估算,通过大气干沉降向台湾海峡输入的PCBs量分别为22 kg和47 kg。     

Evaluation and impact factors of indoor and outdoor gas-phase nitrous acid under different environmental conditions

As an important indoor pollutant, nitrous acid (HONO) can contribute to the concentration of indoor OH radicals by photolysis via sunlight penetrating into indoor environments, thus affecting the indoor oxidizing capability. In order to investigate the concentration of indoor HONO and its impact factors, three different indoor environments and two different locations in urban and suburban areas were selected to monitor indoor and outdoor pollutants simultaneously, including HONO, NO, NO₂, nitrogen oxides (NO_x), O₃, and particle mass concentration. In general, the concentration of indoor HONO was higher than that outdoors. In the urban area, indoor HONO with high average concentration (7.10 ppbV) was well-correlated with the temperature. In the suburban area, the concentration of indoor HONO was only about 1-2 ppbV, and had a good correlation with indoor relative humidity. It was mainly attributed to the heterogeneous reaction of NO₂ on indoor surfaces. The sunlight penetrating into indoor environments from outside had a great influence on the concentration of indoor HONO, leading to a concentration of indoor HONO close to that outdoors.     

微纳米粒径生物炭的结构特征及其对Cd2+吸附机制

为探究不同微纳米粒径生物炭的结构特性和对Cd²⁺吸附性能的影响.通过筛分法和球磨法制备不同粒径（180~250、50~75和≤20 μm,分别表示为BC-1、BC-2和BC-3）玉米秸秆生物炭,利用元素分析、激光粒度分析、SEM、BET、FTIR和XPS等手段对生物炭的结构进行了表征,采用静态吸附实验研究了不同初始Cd²⁺浓度、吸附时间和pH条件下生物炭对Cd²⁺的吸附行为与机制.结果表明,随粒径减小,生物炭表现为pH值和Zeta电位均下降、芳香性和极性降低、比表面积和孔体积增大.不同粒径生物炭对Cd²⁺的吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,以化学吸附为主,其平衡时间依次为：BC-1（540 min）>BC-2（360 min）>BC-3（80 min）.Langmuir模型能更好拟合Cd²⁺在不同粒径生物炭上的吸附等温过程（R²>0.97）,Cd²⁺最大吸附量随粒径减小而增大,表现为：BC-3（74.43 mg ·g^-1）>BC-2（45.71 mg ·g^-1）>BC-1（44.59 mg ·g^-1）.生物炭吸附Cd²⁺主要机制有静电吸引、表面络合和阳离子-π作用.     

淳安县新农村建设中污水处理工作的探讨

解决农村的生活污水,改善环境卫生,是中央提出的社会主义新农村建设的目标和要求之一。淳安县农村人口居住分散,农民收入相对较低,农村污水处理尚属起步阶段。文章结合淳安农村污水处理工作实际,对农村生活污水处理工作进行了探索,提出了淳安县要在农村生活污水处理中引入生态排水-源分离及资源化理念,为欠发达地区的农村污水处理工作走出困境找到了突破口,同时对全国各地的农村污水处理工作都具有借鉴和指导作用。     

Effects of particle composition and environmental parameters on catalytic hydrodechlorination of trichloroethylene by nanoscale bimetallic Ni-Fe

Catalytic nickel was successfully incorporated into nanoscale iron to enhance its dechlorination efficiency for trichloroethylene （TCE）, one of the most commonly detected chlorinated organic compounds in groundwater. Ethane was the predominant product. The greatest dechlorination efficiency was achieved at 22 molar percent of nickel. This nanoscale Ni-Fe is poorly ordered and inhomogeneous; iron dissolution occurred whereas nickel was relatively stable during the 24-hr reaction. The morphological characterization provided significant new insights on the mechanism of catalytic hydrodcchlorination by bimetallic nanoparticles. TCE degradation and ethane production rates were greatly affected by environmental parameters such as solution pH, temperature and common groundwater ions. Both rate constants decreased and then increased over the pH range of 6.5 to 8.0, with the minimum value occurring at pH 7.5. TCE degradation rate constant showed an increasing trend over the temperature range of 10 to 25℃. However, ethane production rate constant increased and then decreased over the range, with the maximum value occurring at 20℃, Most salts in the solution appeared to enhance the reaction in the first half hour but overall they displayed an inhibitory effect. Combined ions showed a similar effect as individual salts.     

烟气脱硫及硫资源化新工艺

介绍了资源化法烟气脱硫技术的工艺原理和工艺流程.相关试验表明,资源化法烟气脱硫技术具有脱硫效率高、设备投资省、运行费用低、可靠性高、操作简便、实现硫资源的回收利用等优点.