自然灾害的模糊识别模型及其应用

自然灾害是各种模糊因素综合作用的结果,模糊集理论与方法是评价自然灾害的重要手段。本文提出应用模糊识别模型进行自然灾害评价,以洪水灾害为例,将模糊识别结果同灰色关联度模型的评价结果进行了分析比较,结果表明,模糊识别结果比灰色关联度模型结果更客观、更符合实际。     

Iron oxidation-reduction and its impacts on cadmium bioavailability in paddy soils: a review

Redox conditions in paddy soils may vary as they are submerged and drained during rice growth. This change may bring about reductive dissolution of iron (Fe) oxides and subsequent formation of secondary Fe-bearing minerals in rice paddies. The mobility and bioavailability of metal contaminants such as cadmium (Cd) in paddy soils are closely related to the chemical behaviors of Fe. Therefore, in this paper, advances in the study of paddy Fe redox transformations and their effects on Cd availability to rice are briefly reviewed. Current concepts presented in this review include the forms of Fe in paddy soils, the reactions involved in Fe oxidation-reduction, chemical factors affecting Fe redox processes, Cd availability to rice and the impacts of Fe transformation on Cd uptake and translocation in rice. Prospects for future research in this area are also discussed.     

Treating n-butane by activated carbon and metal oxides

In order to reduce environmental pollution and regulatory issues, the adsorption of n-butane from vehicle exhaust is one of the necessary requirements. When active carbon was mixed with different proportions of metal oxides, the adsorption capacity of n-butane was markedly improved. Infrared spectroscopy data provided information on functional groups derived from activated carbon composite metal oxide indicating that one of the best adsorption capacities for n-butane was obtained by mixing 3 g TiO₂, 2.7 g CuO, and 2.1 g NaBO₃·4H₂O with 30 g activated carbon. However, more effective results were obtained by mixing 6 g TiO₂, 2.1 g CuO, and 0.9 g NaBO₃·4H₂O with 30 g activated carbon. Data suggest that these chemical complexes may be effective in lowering n-butane pollution.     

三氯生对青海弧菌Q67和人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7的时间毒性

三氯生(triclosan,TCS)是一种广谱性抗菌剂,2005年欧盟水框架指令将TCS列为一种新型污染物。目前对TCS的研究局限于急性毒性实验,关于TCS毒性随时间的变化以及不同溶解状态下TCS的毒性差异的研究却鲜有报道。应用以96孔微板为暴露反应载体的微板毒性分析法,添加氢氧化钠(NaOH)或使用二甲亚砜(DMSO)作为助溶剂溶解TCS,分别测定其对青海弧菌Q67的相对发光抑制毒性(15min急性毒性和时间毒性)和对人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7在不同暴露时间(24、48和72h)内的细胞增殖抑制毒性。Q67的急性毒性实验结果表明,碱性条件下TCS的毒性(EC50=3.97(10-8mol.L-1)大于DMSO作为助溶剂时的毒性(EC50=1.68(10-4mol.L-1)。无论碱性条件还是DMSO助溶,TCS在不同暴露时间内对Q67的时间毒性没有明显差异。在不同暴露时间下MCF-7增殖抑制率实验中,DMSO作为助溶剂时,TCS的最高实验浓度为1.46(10-3mol.L-1,随着暴露时间的延长,抑制率在24、48和72h时分别为27.8%、44.2%和62.4%;碱性环境时TCS的最高实验浓度为1.39(10-6mol.L-1,随着暴露时间的延长,抑制率在24、48和72h时分别为20.2%、55.8%和73.9%。研究表明,在DMSO和NaOH作为助溶剂的条件下,TCS对MCF-7均存在时间毒性差异,并且NaOH碱性溶液中TCS对MCF-7的毒性远大于DMSO作为助溶剂时的毒性。     

Trends in vehicular emissions in China's mega cities from 1995 to 2005

Multiyear inventories of vehicular emissions in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou from 1995 through 2005 have been developed in this paper to study the vehicle emissions trends in China's mega cities during the past decade. The results show that the vehicular emissions of CO, HC, NO_x and PM₁₀ have begun to slow their growth rates and perhaps even to decline in recent years due to the implementation of measures to control vehicular emissions in these cities. However, vehicular CO₂ emissions have substantially increased and still continue to grow due to little fuel economy improvement. Passenger cars and large vehicles (including heavy duty trucks and buses) are the major sources of vehicular CO₂ and CO emissions while large vehicles were responsible for nearly 70% and 80% of the vehicular NO_x and PM₁₀ emissions in these mega cities. Motorcycles are also important contributors to vehicular emissions in Guangzhou and Shanghai.     

莱州湾近岸海域中典型抗生素与抗性细菌分布特征及其内在相关性

为了揭示海陆衔接区环境中抗生素与抗性细菌分布特征及其内在相关性,以莱州湾及其主要入海河流为研究区域,利用HPLC-MS/MS分析样品中15种磺胺类抗生素(SAs)和6种喹诺酮类抗生素(QNs)的浓度,并通过改良的Method 1604(US EPA)评估海水与沉积物中2种典型水传病原微生物大肠杆菌(E.coli)与金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)的抗生素抗性水平,进而探讨该区域水体中抗性菌株的分布特点以及微生物抗性率与相应抗生素浓度的相关性。结果显示,莱州湾水体与沉积物中普遍存在磺胺与喹诺酮类抗生素残留及抗性污染问题。两大类抗生素在水体中平均残留浓度分别为3.89 ng·L~(-1)(SAs)和234.68ng·L~(-1)(QNs),在沉积物中分别为0.91 ng·g~(-1)(SAs)和49.37 ng·g~(-1)(QNs),且分布特征基本呈现自河流向海洋逐渐递减的趋势,说明河流输入是莱州湾抗生素污染的主要来源。在水体中,具有磺胺类抗性的E.coli和S.aureus平均检出量分别达到2 018和4 683 CFU·L~(-1),抗性率范围分别在0%~37.3%和10.6%~45.8%之间;而2种喹诺酮类抗性病原微生物的平均检出量则相对较低,分别为1 315 CFU·L~(-1)(E.coli)和1 461 CFU·L~(-1)(S.aureus),抗性率分别为0%~50.0%和0%~20.8%;此外,相比于E.coli,S.aureus为沉积物中的主要抗性病原微生物,磺胺与喹诺酮类抗性S.aureus检出率均高于80%,平均检出量分别为24CFU·g~(-1)和18 CFU·g~(-1)。相关性分析表明,莱州湾近岸海域水体中磺胺类抗生素浓度与磺胺类抗性微生物总量之间具有良好的线性关系,然而其与微生物抗性率之间并未表现出相似的规律,说明近岸海洋环境中抗生素的残留量不是影响抗性菌株丰度的唯一因素。     

新疆鸟类和哺乳动物物种丰富度空间异质性及其多尺度效应

基于新疆维吾尔自治区鸟类和哺乳动10km×10km物种空间分布数据及1km×1km土地利用数据,引入NDVI、海拔和地理纬度等辅助数据,分别对物种和土地利用数据进行尺度变换,计算分析了1～10km尺度下的景观指数,并进一步在生态系统层面进行尺度效应研究,以探究表征物种多样性空间异质性的合理尺度.结果表明:新疆总体的景观...     

Removal of Cr(VI) from water by in natura and magnetic nanomodified hydroponic lettuce roots

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Biosorption is a viable and environmentally friendly process to remove pollutants and species of commercial interest. Biological materials are...     

Characteristics and removal mechanism of the precursors of N-chloro-2,2-dichloroacetamide in a drinking water treatment process at Taihu Lake

• N-Cl-DCAM, an emerging N-DBP in drinking water was investigated. • A new BAC has a better removal efficiency for N-Cl-DCAM precursors than an old BAC. • N-Cl-DCAM precursors are more of low molecular weight and non-polar. • Adsorption of GAC plays a major role in removal of N-Cl-DCAM precursors by an O₃-BAC. N-chloro-2,2-dichloroacetamide (N-Cl-DCAM) is an emerging nitrogenous disinfection by-product (N-DBP) which can occur in drinking water. In this study, an analytical method based on liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed to validate the concentration of N-Cl-DCAM, which was found to be 1.5 mg/L in the effluent of a waterworks receiving raw water from Taihu Lake, China. The changes of N-Cl-DCAM formation potential (N-Cl-DCAMFP) in the drinking water treatment process and the removal efficiency of its precursors in each unit were evaluated. Non-polar organics accounted for the majority of N-Cl-DCAM precursors, accounting for 70% of the N-Cl-DCAM FP. The effect of conventional water treatment processes on the removal of N-Cl-DCAM precursors was found to be unsatisfactory due to their poor performance in the removal of low molecular weight (MW) or non-polar organics. In the ozonation integrated with biological activated carbon (O₃-BAC) process, the ozonation had little influence on the decrease of N-Cl-DCAM FP. The removal efficiency of precursors by a new BAC filter, in which the granular activated carbon (GAC) had only been used for four months was higher than that achieved by an old BAC filter in which the GAC had been used for two years. The different removal efficiencies of precursors were mainly due to the different adsorption capacities of GAC for individual precursors. Low MW or non-polar organics were predominantly removed by GAC, rather than biodegradation by microorganisms attached to GAC particles.     

Cerebellar injury induced by cadmium via disrupting the heat-shock response

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Cadmium (Cd) is a food contaminant that poses serious threats to animal health, including birds. It is also an air pollutant with well-known...