多重恶臭污染源对环境的影响评估分析

本项研究以某焦化厂及周围的垃圾堆放场、排污河等多重污染源对附近的居住区的影响为例，根据各污染源与居住区的位置关系在不同风向条件下进行采样分析，并对污染源排放废气的特征污染物进行监测，评估了各污染源对环境的影响程度。     

天津市2017年移动源高时空分辨率排放清单

移动源已成为城市地区大气污染的主要贡献源.已有研究多关注道路移动源（机动车）或非道路移动源（工程机械、农业机械、船舶、铁路内燃机车和民航飞机）中单一源类的排放,欠缺对移动源总体排放特征的把握.本研究提出了移动源高时空分辨率排放清单的构建方法,据此建立了天津市2017年移动源排放清单,并分析其排放构成与时空特征.结果表明,天津市移动源CO、VOCs、NO_x和PM₁₀的排放量分别为18.30、6.42、14.99和0.84万t.道路移动源是CO和VOCs的主要贡献源,占比分别为85.38%和86.60%.非道路移动源是NO_x和PM₁₀的主要贡献源,占比分别为57.32%和66.95%.从时间变化来看,移动源所有污染物排放在2月均为最低,CO和VOCs在10月排放最高,而NO_x和PM₁₀则在8月排放最高.节假日（如春节和国庆节等）对移动源排放的时间变化影响显著.从空间分布来看,CO和VOCs排放主要集中于城区和车流量大的公路（高速路和国道）上,NO_x和PM₁₀在城区与港区均具有较高排放强度.污染物的空间分布差异是由其主要贡献源的空间位置决定的.本研究可为天津市大气污染的精细化管控和空气质量模拟提供数据支撑,同时可为其他地区移动源排放清单的建立提供方法参考.     

GIS支持下辽宁省海岸带生态安全空间差异评价研究

辽宁沿海经济带在振兴辽宁老工业基地政策中起着至关重要的作用,但近年来随着沿海地区的经济开发,人海关系矛盾尖锐,生态安全问题层出不穷.文章选取辽宁海岸带30个县市区,基于压力——状态——响应(P-S-R)框架建立生态安全评价指标体系,并采用层次分析法和熵权法进行生态安全状态评价,绘制生态安全空间差异专题地图,最后提出辽宁海岸带的生态安全建设的途径和对策.     

Collaborative control of fine particles and ozone required in China for health benefit

● Increased DAAO offsets 3/4 of the decrease of DAAP in 2013–2020. ● DAAO increases are mainly due to O₃ concentration increase and population aging. ● Health benefit from PM_2.5 reduction after 2017 is larger than that before 2017. ● Reducing PM_2.5 concentration by 1% results in 0.6% reduction of DAAP. ● Reducing O₃ concentration by 1% results in 2% reduction of DAAO. PM_2.5 concentration declined significantly nationwide, while O₃ concentration increased in most regions in China in 2013–2020. Recent evidences proved that peak season O₃ is related to increased death risk from non-accidental and respiratory diseases. Based on these new evidences, we estimate excess deaths associated with long-term exposure to ambient PM_2.5 and O₃ in China following the counterfactual analytic framework from Global Burden Disease. Excess deaths from non-accidental diseases associated with long-term exposure to ambient O₃ in China reaches to 579 (95% confidential interval (CI): 93, 990) thousand in 2020, which has been significantly underestimated in previous studies. In addition, the increased excess deaths associated with long-term O₃ exposure (234 (95% CI: 177, 282) thousand) in 2013–2020 offset three quarters of the avoided excess deaths (302 (95% CI: 244, 366) thousand) mainly due to PM_2.5 exposure reduction. In key regions (the North China Plain, the Yangtze River Delta and the Fen-Wei Plain), the former is even larger than the latter, particularly in 2017–2020. Health benefit of PM_2.5 concentration reduction offsets the adverse effects of population growth and aging on excess deaths attributed to PM_2.5 exposure. Increase of excess deaths associated with O₃ exposure is mainly due to the strong increase of O₃ concentration, followed by population aging. Considering the faster population aging process in the future, collaborative control, and faster reduction of PM_2.5 and O₃ are needed to reduce the associated excess deaths.     

能源富集区贸易隐含碳及隐含SO2排放转移——以山西省为例

通过量化地区间碳排放和SO₂排放转移特征,可以较好地了解地区间的碳排放和SO₂排放的来源与去向,从而合理地制定各地区的减排与治理方案。采用多区域投入产出模型,计算2007年和2012年山西省输出和输入的隐含碳和隐含SO₂排放情况。结果表明：山西省为隐含碳和隐含SO₂排放输出区,输出的地区主要是江苏、河北、浙江和山东等地,输入的地区主要是河北、山东、内蒙古和河南等地。山西省向其他地区转移的隐含碳和隐含SO₂排放主要汇聚于金属冶炼及制品业、建筑业和化学工业等。其他地区向山西省转移的隐含碳和隐含SO₂排放主要集中于建筑业、采选业、金属冶炼及制品业等。基于上述研究结论,提出了一些关键性整改建议与措施。     

牦牛粪便对川西北高寒草甸土壤养分的影响

川西北高寒草甸是我国四大牧区之一,也是"长江上游生态屏障"建设的重要"生态功能区"之一.近年来牦牛粪便被大量出售,显著地改变了生态系统的养分循环.通过模拟牛粪堆积,研究了牦牛粪便养分释放及其对周围土壤养分(NO3--N、NH4--N、速效K、无机P、有机C、全N和全P)在不同时间和距离条件下的影响.结果表明,在研究区域内,牛粪对草地生态系统具有较强的养分(N、P)贡献能力,据初步统计,其值大致为N素699～932 kg hm-2,P素为110～147 kg hm-2;牛粪养分在夏季具有较快的分解速率,在3 mo左右之后基本分解殆尽;粪便在短期内能显著提高粪下土壤养分的含量,其中,对No3--N含量的提高最为明显,在2 mo左右之后其含量达到初始态的8.4倍,在实验后期,粪便对土壤养分的影响作用逐渐消失;粪便在夏季对周围10 cm内土壤的养分(NO3--N、NH4+N、速效K和无机P)含量能产生显著影响(P<0.05),但影响范围难以达到周围30 cm左右.与通常结论不同的是,在整个实验周期内,牦牛粪便并没有显著提高土壤有机C、全N和全P的含量.图4表1参31     

能源富集区可持续发展水平分析:以山西省为例

该文基于能值-生态足迹模型,计算了山西省2000-2016年人均能值生态承载力与人均能值生态足迹,选择生态赤字/盈余、生态压力指数、生态协调系数和万元GDP生态足迹等指标,定量评估了该区域的可持续发展水平。2000-2016年山西省人均能值生态承载力总体呈现下降趋势;人均能值生态足迹逐年升高;研究期间,山西省一直处于生态赤字状态,生态足迹压力指数逐年升高,生态协调系数逐渐趋近于1,万元GDP生态足迹数值在逐年降低。2000-2016年山西省一直处于经济社会与生态环境不可持续发展状态,山西省因经济社会发展对资源环境造成的压力越来越大,经济发展需求与资源环境的协调性越来越差,但资源利用率却在逐年提高,能源富集区山西省的生态环境可持续发展问题仍然相当严峻。     

基于GIS的西辽河流域生态安全空间分异特征

生态安全评价与预警研究具有空间特性、非线性和随机性,研究过程中必须处理大量的空间信息,而空间分析和空间数据管理正是GIS的优势,它使各环境要素的分布态势及彼此之间的拓扑关系一目了然,并且图文并茂地展示全流域的生态安全格局.在充分研究西辽河流域生态环境的基础上,讨论了基于GIS的西辽河生态安全空间差异的评价方法.①拟定“压力-状态-响应”(P-S-R)指标体系,实地调查并收集资料;②数字化流域,运用模糊AHP和综合比较法赋权并量化计算;③建立西辽河流域生态安全指数GRID数据库,通过GIS的空间Interpolate运算和Assembly分析,阐述生态安全的空间分异特征.     

膜法回收有机蒸汽进展

简要介绍了有机蒸汽（voc）的来源、分类及其对人体和环境的危害。介绍了膜分离技术在有机蒸汽回收中应用的工作原理、工艺设计特点和要求等。简要介绍了几种从VOC中回收溶剂的方法,并分析如何进行选择。较详细地论述了蒸汽渗透、气体膜分离、膜基吸收三种膜技术用于废气中挥发性有机化合物去除和回收的研究进展。论述了国外采用膜技术回收废气中VOC的工业应用情况,而中国的膜分离法回收VOC处于起步阶段,并就今后的发展方向进行了评述。     

Aircraft measurements of O3, NOx,CO, VOCs,and SO2 in the Yangtze River Delta region

In this study, air pollutants, including ozone (O₃), nitrogen oxides (NO_x = NO + NO₂), carbon monoxides (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region during several air flights between September/30 and October/11 are analyzed. This measurement provides horizontal and vertical distributions of air pollutants in the YRD region. The analysis of the result shows that the measured O₃ concentrations range from 20 to 60 ppbv. These values are generally below the US national standard (84 ppbv), suggesting that at the present, the O₃ pollutions are modest in this region. The NO_x concentrations have strong spatial and temporal variations, ranging from 3 to 40 ppbv. The SO₂ concentrations also have large spatial and temporal variations, ranging from 1 to 35 ppbv. The high concentrations of CO are measured with small variations, ranging from 3 to 7 ppmv. The concentrations of VOCs are relatively low, with the total VOC concentrations of less than 6 ppbv. The relative small VOC concentrations and the relative large NO_x concentrations suggest that the O₃ chemical formation is under a strong VOC-limited regime in the YRD region. The measured O₃ and NO_x concentrations are strongly anti-correlated, indicating that enhancement in NO_x concentrations leads to decrease in O₃ concentrations. Moreover, the O₃ concentrations are more sensitive to NO_x concentrations in the rural region than in the city region. The ratios of Δ[O₃]/Δ[NO_x] are ?2.3 and ?0.25 in the rural and in the city region, respectively. In addition, the measured NO_x and SO₂ concentrations are strongly correlated, highlighting that the NO_x and SO₂ are probably originated from same emission sources. Because SO₂ emissions are significantly originated from coal burnings, the strong correlation between SO₂ and NO_x concentrations suggests that the NO_x emission sources are mostly from coal burned sources. As a result, the future automobile increases could lead to rapid enhancements in O₃ concentrations in the YRD region.