污灌与镉胁迫对菠菜几种抗氧化酶活性的影响（Effects of Sewage Irrigation and Cadmium Stresses on the Activities of Several Antioxidant Enzymes of Spinach）

为了探讨污水灌溉与镉胁迫对菠菜抗氧化酶活性的影响,采用盆栽试验的方法,分别用清水和生活污水配制不同浓度(0、1、5、10、50mg·L-1)的Cd2+溶液,对菠菜进行受试处理,每5d灌喷1次,共处理5次.分别采用邻苯二酚比色法、L-苯丙氨酸比色法、水杨酸比色法和高锰酸钾滴定法,对菠菜叶片多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、β-1,3葡聚糖酶(β-1,3glucanase)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性进行了测定.结果表明:1)清水处理系列:随着镉处理浓度的增大,与清水对照相比,PPO、PAL活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,CAT活性略有升高,β-1,3葡聚糖酶活性略有降低,各暴露组与清水对照组相比,均呈现显著差异(p<0.05).2)污水处理系列:随着镉处理浓度的增大,与污水对照相比,PPO、PAL活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,CAT和β-1,3葡聚糖酶活性呈逐渐降低趋势;各暴露组与污水对照相比,均呈现显著差异(p<0.05).3)相同Cd2+浓度下,与清水处理相比,各浓度污水处理PAL和PPO活性均明显降低(p<0.05);而β-1,3葡聚糖酶明显升高(p<0.05).以上结果显示:单一镉污染和生活污水与镉复合污染对菠菜不同抗氧化系统酶具有不同影响,这可能与污水中各成分与镉的相互作用有关.     

The Effect of Protective Gloves on Manual Dexterity in the Cold Environments

This article presents a study on the effect of different protective gloves (which are commercially available and commonly used in the cold) on manual dexterity in cold environments. The experiments compared statistically four different types of gloves and two different types of gloving (outer or double) at +19 °C and -10 °C. Performance was determined both objectively and subjectively using two manual dexterity tasks: bolt-nut and pick-up tasks. The response measured was the time of performing each task. Statistical analysis showed that all independent factors such as glove type, participant, object size, and temperature had significant effects on the hand cooling reaction. A significant difference in the performance between the gloves was found in the bolt-nut task. It was also found that outer-inner combination gloving may be an approach to use for precision tasks.     

散装液体危化品码头的污染原因分析及防控对策

介绍了液体危化品的特点,对散装液体危化品码头的污染原因进行了分析,并提出了相应的防控对策,为确保码头安全稳定运行提供了保障.     

生物曝气滤池治理医院污水实例及运行管理

废水经格栅去除杂物后,用潜污泵抽至斜板沉淀池,同时加入去磷剂,出水自流进入曝气生物滤池,DO控制在3-5 mg/l,出水进入清水池后再进入消毒池,二氧化氯加入量为30 g/M3 废水,停留时间1.5 h.曝气生物滤池12～24小时进行反冲洗一次,反冲洗出水再返回调节池、斜板沉淀池每天排泥一次,排入污泥沉淀池,其上清液进入调节池,剩余污泥定期消毒后环卫清污车运走.经处理后水质达到(GB8978-1996)一级排放标准.以曝气生物滤池为主工艺处理医院污水,工艺可靠、出水稳定,但必须按严格的管理程序、即质量测试、操作设备、工艺技术管理环节,同时设备必须一年进行一次大修,处理后水质稳定达标排放是可行的. 控制在3-5 mg/l,出水进入清水池后再进入消毒池,二氧化氯加入量为30 g/M3 废水,停留时间1.5 h.曝气生物滤池12～24小时进行反冲洗一次,反冲洗出水再返回调节池、斜板沉淀池每天排泥一次,排入污泥沉淀池,其上清液进入调节池,剩余污泥定期消毒后环卫清污车运走.经处理后水质达到(GB8978-1996)一级排放标准.以曝气生物滤池为主工艺处理医院污水,工艺可靠、出水稳定,但必须按严格的管理程序、即质量测试、 作设备、工艺技术管理环节,同时设备必须一年进行一次大修,处理     

中国环境影响评价管理的现状、问题及展望

文章在客观分析中国环境影响评价的发展历史、现有法规体系、管理体制和主要成绩的基础上,指出了环境影响评价管理中存在的规划环评滞后、监管环节薄弱、公众参与不足以及队伍能力欠缺等主要问题。结合中国环境影响评价管理的特点和相关领域的发展变化,对未来环境影响评价工作的开展进行了展望。认为应该重点加强四个方面的工作,即通过确立环境目标来促进经济增长方式的转变,通过完善空间规划体系为规划环评提供基本依据,通过加强环境监管来促进环保措施落实,通过加强队伍能力建设来提高环评质量。     

数值仿真技术在在建高层建筑物火灾中的应用

在建高楼火灾灭火困难。在建高楼灭火以及人员疏散的关键在于对灾变条件下在建高楼火灾参数变化的正确预测,特别是火焰、烟气蔓延范围、烟气浓度变化以及有毒气体的扩散范围等参数的预测。为了获得在建高层建筑物的火灾参数,论文利用美国国家标准和技术研究院（NIST）开发FDS（Fire Dynamics Simulator）软件,建立在建高楼模型,对高楼火灾进行全尺寸模拟,通过对模拟实验数据处理和分析,给出了在建高楼发生火灾时烟气浓度和氧气浓度纵向温度的变化规律以及不同方向风速对火灾的影响,提出一种阻火方案,并验证了它的阻火效果,为防灾减灾和消防决策提供有力的依据。     

Effects of the "Conversion of Cropland to Forest and Grassland Program" on the water budget of the Jinghe River catchment in China

In 1999 China adopted the "Conversion of Cropland to Forest and Grassland Program" (CCFGP), a nationwide ecological recovery program, to minimize wide-scale soil erosion and vegetation degradation in China, as well as to improve water budgeting results. In the 10 yr since implementation, the CCFGP has resulted in the recovery and reforestation of >100,000 km of cropland and bare land, though the quantitative effect of this program on catchment water budget is not entirely clear. Therefore, we used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool to evaluate and quantify the effects of the CCFGP on the water budget of the Jinghe River catchment, a tributary of the Yellow River covering the central region of the Loess Plateau. Our results indicated that precipitation had dropped by 12.0% from the 1970s (611.6 mm) to the 2000s (538 mm) and that there was a corresponding 25.2% decrease in humidity index from 0.48 to 0.36. Before the CCFGP's implementation, forest and grassland had been decreasing, while bare land, cropland, and shrub land had been increasing. After the implementation of the CCFGP, the opposite trend was observed. Moreover, streamflow increased by about 15 and 20% for the upstream and middle stream subbasins, respectively, while soil water content also showed an obvious increase. Over the same period, evapotranspiration decreased by 5.2 and 13.5 mm and runoff decreased by 37.5 and 38.6% in the two subbasins. The same trends were obtained in the downstream subbasin, where changes were even greater. As a result of the reduced runoff and evapotranspiration, utilization of water resources was more efficient and ecological environment was improved under the CCFGP policy. Our results indicate the CCFGP resulted in a favorable ecological impact and should therefore be maintained.     

新型水刺复合过滤材料的开发与应用

介绍了水刺复合工艺的优点,分析了新型水刺复合滤料的三种先进形式—针刺与水刺、纺粘与水刺、机织与水刺的特点及其市场应用领域,为滤料研究提出了新的方向。     

季节性雪被对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸土壤氮矿化的影响

依据自然雪被分布的差异,在青藏高原东缘高寒草甸中设置3条样带(即深雪、中等厚度雪被和浅雪),于2008年的秋冬过渡期,连续监测各样带中的雪被厚度和土壤温度,并采用原位培养法测定每月的土壤氮素氨化、硝化和矿化速率,以研究不同厚度雪被对高寒草甸土壤氮矿化的影响.结果表明,月均土温、每月日最高土温均值分别与雪被厚度极显著相关,二次函数关系拟合较好(R2=0.576,0.685),且根据每月日最高土温均值与雪被厚度的二次函数关系方程可知,25 cm厚的雪被可以起到较好的隔绝效果;土壤含水量受雪被厚度和土壤温差两个因素的显著影响.在秋冬过渡期末,浅雪梯度下土壤硝态氮含量显著降低,且雪被下的净氮矿化速率与月均土温、每月日最高土温均值、每月日最低土温均值都分别呈极显著相关,二次函数关系拟合较好(R2=0.589,0.541,0.601).研究表明,不同厚度的雪被对土壤温度和含水量影响显著,从而显著地影响着土壤氮的矿化,深雪更有利于氨化、硝化和氮矿化.图7表2参36     

不同尺度下耕地土壤Cr含量的空间自相关性分析

以山东省禹城市耕地土壤重金属铬(Cr)元素为例,采用Moran’s I统计量对县级和镇级两个不同取样尺度下Cr含量的空间自相关关系、空间相关尺度和空间分布规律进行了对比研究.结果表明:1)随着研究尺度的增大,Cr含量的变异系数增加,块基比(C0/Sill)减小,空间结构性增强;2)两个尺度下Cr含量Moran’s I指数都大于0,表明研究区内两个尺度下的Cr含量都存在空间正自相关,且Moran’s I指数随着研究尺度的增加而增大;3)Lisa聚类图表明,两个尺度下Cr含量都存在空间聚集区和空间孤立区,其中"高—高"空间聚集和"低—高"空间孤立区域存在潜在Cr污染风险.研究表明小尺度下能够观察到大尺度下观察不到的细微差别,研究可为土壤重金属环境质量评价和重金属污染防治提供重要参考.图4表2参23