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281.
The luminescence inhibition test was applied to contaminated soils. Two different methods were used: The standard sediment elutriate test and the so-called “solid-phase test”. Cadmium sulfate, p-cresol and o-nitroanisole were used as model substances for the contamination of two different soils that show significant differences in grain size. While five of six elutriates acted toxically in the standard elutriate test, the solid-phase test detected only the heavy metal clearly. The interpretation of the solid-phase test results, unlike those of the standard sediment test, is problematic because of the high and varied ground inhibitions of the uncontaminated soils. This suggests that the rate of adsorption of the bacteria depends on the type of soil. An interpretation without an uncontaminated reference seems impossible. A good correlation between the portion of elutriated contaminants and the values of inhibition was only obtained by using the standard elutriate test. 相似文献
282.
Branimir?Jovan?i?evi?Email author Predrag?Poli? Miroslav?Vrvi? Georg?Scheeder Manfred?Teschner Hermann?Wehner 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2003,1(1):73-81
Investigations presented in this paper were aimed at defining the alterations of n-alkane composition in cases of oil-polluted alluvial sediments. Therefore, oil-polluted groundwater samples, taken in five
different time intervals during a period of 28 months, were investigated. Samples of alluvial sediments were taken from two
boreholes within an oil refinery at Pancevo, Yugoslavia. In both boreholes significant alterations with characteristic degradation
of "oil" n-alkanes with no odd- or even-member predominance were observed, as well as subsequent synthesis of new ones with pronounced
even-member predominance, and with maxima at C16 and C18. Since no additional contamination of boreholes was observed by analyses of steranes and triterpanes, the observed changes
can only be attributed to microbial activity. It is assumed that for the degradation of oil n-alkanes, as well as for the synthesis of "new" n-alkanes, algae such as dinoflagellates are responsible. This assumption was confirmed by identification of n-alcohols with even-member predominance (C14–C20), by identification of cholesterol, as well as of n-fatty acids with even-member predominance (C14–C18) in the extract with n-alkane even-member predominance.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
283.
Development and validation of a method for determination of trace levels of alkylphenols and bisphenol A in atmospheric samples 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
A method has been developed and validated in order to assess the occurrence of the alkylphenols tert-octylphenol and the isomers of technical nonylphenol as well as bisphenol A in gasphase and aerosol samples of a remote area. Gasphase samples were adsorbed to XAD2 resin, aerosol samples were taken on glass fiber filters. After ultrasonic extraction, clean-up by column chromatography and silylation of the analytes, ten nonylphenol peaks were quantified separately using a GC-MSD-SIM method. The absolute limits of detection and determination are in the range of a few pg per compound, which is a prerequisite for the quantification of the analytes in relatively unpolluted air. The precision of the whole analytical method is in the range of 1-17% and the recoveries range from 57% to 80%. Problems were encountered during method development due to the tendency of the analytes to sorb to glass surfaces. Silanisation of glassware was crucial to achieve acceptable recoveries. The widespread use of the analytes in plastic resins resulted in sample contamination. For this reason a careful choice of sampling material was necessary. Measured concentrations in gasphase samples (lower nanogram per m3 range) and aerosol samples (upper picogram per m3 range) are one to three orders of magnitude below already published concentrations. 相似文献
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Betha Lusiana Meine van Noordwijk Feri Johana Gamma Galudra S. Suyanto Georg Cadisch 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2014,19(6):757-772
This study combined uncertainty analysis of carbon emissions with local stakeholders' perspectives to develop an effective Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) scheme at the district level. Uncertainty of carbon emission estimates depends on scale while local stakeholders' views on plausible REDD+ schemes influence and limit transaction costs. The uncertainty analysis formed the basis for determining an appropriate scale for monitoring carbon emission estimates as performance measures for REDD+ incentives. Our analysis of stakeholder’ perspectives explored (i) potential location and activities for lower emission development pathways, and (ii) perceived fair allocation of REDD+incentives. Our case study focused on frontier forest in Tanjung Jabung Barat District, Jambi, Indonesia. The uncertainty analysis used Monte Carlo simulation techniques using known inaccuracy of land cover classification and variation in carbon stocks assessment per land cover type. With decreasing spatial resolution of carbon emission maps, uncertainty in carbon estimates decreased. At 1 km2 resolution uncertainty dropped below 5 %, retaining most of the coarser spatial variation in the district. Fairness, efficiency and transaction cost issues in the design of REDD+ mechanisms were readily recognized by local stakeholders, who converged on an equal allocation to short-term efficiency (emission reduction activities) and long-term fairness (alternative livelihood development). A striking difference occurred in desirable transaction costs (which include monitoring, reporting and verification), with Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) aiming for 8 %, while government and researchers accepted transaction costs of 40 %. Feasible measures for emission reduction in the district, derived from a participatory planning process, are compatible with the 1 km2 spatial resolution of performance measures. 相似文献
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