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81.
Papadopoulos F Parissopoulos G Papadopoulos A Zdragas A Ntanos D Prochaska C Metaxa I 《Environmental management》2009,43(1):135-143
Field research was carried out to assess the effects of the application of reclaimed municipal wastewater on rice cultivation
in Thessaloniki, Greece during a 2-year period (1999–2000). Effects on production cost, soil composition, and health risk
were examined. A randomized complete block design was used for the paddy field with three treatments and four replicates.
The treatments were (1) river irrigation water with N–P fertilization, (2) reclaimed wastewater irrigation with surface N
fertilization, and (3) reclaimed wastewater irrigation without fertilization. The results showed that the total production
cost decreased 8.8% and 11.9% by applying the second and third treatments, respectively, compared to the first treatment,
without significant differences in the agronomic and rice quality traits. Soil composition showed discrepancies between the
2 years and the three treatments, whereas the pathogens of the reclaimed wastewater and rice tissues posed a low human risk
when taking the needed precautions. 相似文献
82.
John E. Hobbie Gaius R. Shaver Edward B. Rastetter Jessica E. Cherry Scott J. Goetz Kevin C. Guay William A. Gould George W. Kling 《Ambio》2017,46(1):160-173
Long-term measurements of ecological effects of warming are often not statistically significant because of annual variability or signal noise. These are reduced in indicators that filter or reduce the noise around the signal and allow effects of climate warming to emerge. In this way, certain indicators act as medium pass filters integrating the signal over years-to-decades. In the Alaskan Arctic, the 25-year record of warming of air temperature revealed no significant trend, yet environmental and ecological changes prove that warming is affecting the ecosystem. The useful indicators are deep permafrost temperatures, vegetation and shrub biomass, satellite measures of canopy reflectance (NDVI), and chemical measures of soil weathering. In contrast, the 18-year record in the Greenland Arctic revealed an extremely high summer air-warming of 1.3 °C/decade; the cover of some plant species increased while the cover of others decreased. Useful indicators of change are NDVI and the active layer thickness. 相似文献
83.
Helen Karasali George Pavlidis Anna Marousopoulou Arpad Ambrus 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2017,52(10):719-728
In the present study, a soil monitoring program was undertaken in Greek cotton cultivated areas in 2012. Twenty-seven soil samples were collected from the entire Thessaly plain in early summer of 2012, corresponding to approximately three months (current use of pendimethalin), up to one year (for the banned ethalfluralin), and three years (for the also banned trifluralin), after the last dinitroaniline application. Low but not negligible levels of dinitroanilines were detected, ranging from 0.01 to 0.21 μg g?1 d.w. for trifluralin and 0.01–0.048 μg g?1 d.w. for pendimethalin, respectively. Trifluralin was the herbicide most frequently detected (44.4%). The high historic application of trifluralin and its high persistence and accumulation potential is in line with the abundance of the detected residues. The present data indicate that soil samples contain extractable residues of banned trifluralin, but based on the comparison of the theoretical PECplateau for trifluralin (0.277 µg g?1) and the maximum Measured Environmental Concentration, it was concluded that the detected residues should be attributed to previous years’ application. The latter suggested the need for continual monitoring of the dinitroaniline family of pesticides, including the banned substances, aiming thus to an improved environmental profile for agricultural areas. 相似文献
84.
George E. Halkos Epameinondas A. Paizanos 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2017,60(1):135-157
This paper explores the relationship between government spending and environmental quality using panel data for 94 countries for the period 1970–2008. We identify and estimate three distinct channels that comprise the total direct effect of government expenditure on air pollution, namely a marginal effect, an effect conditional on economic growth and an effect conditional on institutional quality. Since adjustment rate of emissions to their equilibrium level is slow due to technological and institutional reasons, we explicitly take into account dynamics by applying appropriate econometric methods. The results demonstrate that there is a significant alleviating direct effect of government expenditure on SO2 and NOx emissions, which increases with the level of economic growth and democracy. However, there is no evidence of a significant effect on pollutants with more global impact on the environment and human health, like N2O and CO2, implying that the adoption of international environmental treaties is required in this case. 相似文献
85.
The role of informal recycling in poverty alleviation and solid waste management in cities in developing countries has been receiving increased attention. This study explores the integration of the informal recycling sector with the Harare City Council's solid waste management system, focusing on the Pomona dumpsite. The extent of this integration was compared with interventions proposed in InteRa, a new way of evaluating the integration of informal recyclers with the waste management systems of cities in developing countries. Our results suggest that the Harare City Council, which had the vision of transforming itself into a world‐class city, failed to fully integrate the informal recycling sector. We suggest to policymakers that complete integration of the informal sector will not necessarily prevent cities from achieving such visions. Rather, addressing the neglected interventions may help in achieving their visions. 相似文献
86.
87.
George F. Antonious Lauren Lobel Tejinder Kochhar Terry Berke Robert L. Jarret 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):621-626
The main objective of this investigation was to evaluate fruits of C. chinense accessions for their concentration of β -carotene, ascorbic acid, and phenols for use as parents in breeding for these phytochemicals. Mature fruits of 63 accessions of C. chinense originally acquired from Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, and the United States were analyzed for their chemical composition. Fruits of C. chinense accessions PI-152452 (Brazil) and PI-360726 (Ecuador) contained the greatest concentrations of ascorbic acid (1.2 and 1.1 mg g?1 fresh fruit, respectively), while PI-438648 (Mexico) contained the greatest concentration of total phenols content (349 μ g g?1 fresh fruit) among the other 63 accessions tested. Accession PI-355817 from Ecuador contained the greatest concentrations of β -carotene (8 mg g?1fresh fruit). These accessions were identified as potential candidates for mass production of antioxidants with health-promoting properties. 相似文献
88.
George F. Antonious John C. Snyder Terry Berke Robert L. Jarret 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):562-571
Elevated concentrations of heavy metals in edible plants could expose consumers to excessive levels of potentially hazardous chemicals. Sixty-three accessions (genotypes) of Capsicum chinense Jacq, collected from 8 countries of origin were grown in a silty-loam soil under field conditions. At maturity, fruits were collected and analyzed for seven heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Mo) concentrations. The main objectives of this investigation were: 1) to determine the concentrations of seven heavy metals in the soil and monitor their accumulation in mature fruits, 2) to categorize the pepper accessions as low or high heavy metal accumulators, and 3) to determine if heavy metal content of the pepper fruit was lower than the permitted limits. Concentrations and relative proportions of heavy metals in pepper fruits of C. chinense varied among accessions. Fruits of Plant Introduction (PI) 355820 accumulated significant concentrations of Cd (0.47 μ g g?1dry fruit). PI-260522 accumulated the highest concentration of Pb (2.12 μ g g?1 dry fruit) among the 63 accessions tested. This accession (PI-260522) contained about twice the Pb limit on a fresh weight basis. Among the 63 accessions analyzed, PI-238051 contained the highest levels of Ni (17.2 μ g g?1). We concluded that high accumulator genotypes may be useful for phytoremediation, while, low accumulator accessions might be appropriate selections for growing on Cd-, Pb-, or Ni-contaminated soils to prevent potential human exposure to heavy metals and health hazards through the food chain. 相似文献
89.
Niazi NK Singh B Van Zwieten L Kachenko AG 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(8):3506-3515
This field study investigated the phytoremediation potential of two arsenic (As) hyperaccumulating fern species, Pityrogramma calomelanos var. austroamericana and Pteris vittata over 27-month duration at a disused As-contaminated cattle-dip site located at Wollongbar, NSW, Australia. Ferns planted in January 2009 were harvested following 10, 22 and 27 months of growth. A detailed soil sampling was undertaken in June 2009 (initial, n?=?42 per plot) and limited sampling in April 2011 (after 27 months, n?=?15 per plot) to measure total and phosphate-extractable As concentrations in soil at 0?-?20-, 20?-?40- and 40?-?60-cm depths. The choice of the limited number of samples was considered sufficient to estimate the changes in soil As concentration following phytoremediation based on a geostatistical model. The average frond dry biomass, As concentration and As uptake were significantly (P?0.001?-?0.05) greater in P. calomelanos var. austroamericana than P. vittata, at all three harvests (1.6?-?4.3, 1.3?-?1.5 and 2.2?-?5.7 times, respectively). After 27-months of growth, P. calomelanos var. austroamericana removed 8,053 mg As (i.e. cumulative over three harvests) in plot B (25.4 kg As ha(-1)) that was 2.65 times higher than that depleted by P. vittata (3,042 mg As in plot A (9.7 kg As ha(-1))). The cumulative frond As uptake data of the two fern species revealed that P. calomelanos var. austroamericana extracted 1.7?-?3.9 % and P. vittata removed 0.53?-?1.5 % of total As from soil at three depths. However, for the surface (0?-?20 cm) and subsurface (40?-?60 cm) layers, the (post-experiment) soil As data indicated that total As concentration in soil was reduced by 49 and 63 % (P?0.05), respectively, using P. calomelanos var. austroamericana; and 17 and 15 % (P?>?0.05), respectively, by P. vittata. Our results show that phytoremediation time based on observed changes in soil As based on limited sampling is not reliable; hence, it is recommended that the frond As uptake should be considered in order to evaluate the phytoremediation efficiency of the two fern species at the experimental site. Using As uptake of the two fern species, we estimate that with P. calomelanos var. austroamericana it would take 55?-?125 years to decrease mean total As content below the ecological investigation level (20 mg kg(-1)) in the surface and subsurface soils, whereas with P. vittata 143?-?412 years would be required to achieve this target. 相似文献
90.
Elizabeth Guthrie Nichols Rachel L. Cook James E. Landmeyer Brad Atkinson Donald R. Malone George Shaw Leilani Woods 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2014,24(2):29-46
A former bulk fuel terminal in North Carolina is a groundwater phytoremediation demonstration site where 3,250 hybrid poplars, willows, and pine trees were planted from 2006 to 2008 over approximately 579,000 L of residual gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Since 2011, the groundwater altitude is lower in the area with trees than outside the planted area. Soil‐gas analyses showed a 95 percent mass loss for total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and a 99 percent mass loss for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). BTEX and methyl tert‐butyl ether concentrations have decreased in groundwater. Interpolations of free‐phase, fuel product gauging data show reduced thicknesses across the site and pooling of fuel product where poplar biomass is greatest. Isolated clusters of tree mortalities have persisted in areas with high TPH and BTEX mass. Toxicity assays showed impaired water use for willows and poplars exposed to the site's fuel product, but Populus survival was higher than the willows or pines on‐site, even in a noncontaminated control area. All four Populus clones survived well at the site. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.* 相似文献