Strategies of a bark beetle, Pityogenes bidentatus, in an olfactory landscape

 Volatiles from leaves or bark of nonhost birch (Betula pendula) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) dramatically reduced the attraction of the bark beetle, Pityogenes bidentatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), to their aggregation pheromone components (cis-verbenol and grandisol) in the field. In addition, odors from both the needles and bark of the host Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) similarly inhibited attraction. Monoterpenes of pine and spruce (α-pinene, β-pinene, terpinolene, and 3-carene) as well as ethanol, chalcogran and some nonhost green leaf alcohols [(Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, and 1-hexanol], also reduced catches. Collections of volatiles from the field-tested plant tissues indicated they released monoterpenes in amounts similar to the synthetics that inhibited responses. The various plant and insect sources of these inhibitory compounds indicate that P. bidentatus bark beetles have evolved several strategies to increase their fitness by avoiding nonhost and unsuitable host trees in a complex olfactory landscape. Received: 6 June 2000 / Accepted in revised form: 25 September 2000     

Heavy metal contamination of soils and crops from auto traffic,sewage sludge,pig manure and chemical fertilizer

The present paper describes heavy metal contamination of soils and crops resulting from auto traffic, sewage sludge, pig manure and chemical fertilizers, in three separate experiments.The first experiment revealed that although the ADDT (average annual daily traffic) value of the Agricultural Area was lower, higher concentrations of Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb and Mn were obtained in soil when compared with the Commercial-Residential Area. Contaminations of trace metals from various source, e.g., chemical fertilizer, animal manure, night soil and pesticides of the nearby agricultural land were suspected.The second experiment compared the effects of adding a commercial fertilizer and digested sludge which contain substantial amounts of various trace metals to a sandy loam for growing Chinese radish. The results indicated that repeated applications of the fertilizer elevated the contents of various trace metals in the roots of Chinese radish. The phenomenon was further aggravated when digested sludge was also incorporated.The third experiment compared the contents of trace metals in the root and leaf tissues of tree seedlings (Acacia confusa) added with a single dose of the trace metalenriched fertilizer, and different portions of pig manure compost. It was revealed that the fertilizer-treated tree seedlings had a higher content of trace metals in the tissues than those amended with manure compost. Although the metal contents of soil increased as more manure compost was added, the contents in plant tissues did not increase correspondingly.