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511.
Observations have been made on the biology of two species of the bivalve genus Donax, on two beaches, Vertbois and St. Trojan, on the Ile d'Oléron, French Atlantic coast. The two species displayed different vertical distribution: D. trunculus Linné in the intertidal; and D. vittatus (da Costa) between low-water spring tide (LWST) and 5 to 6m depth, with only the fringe of the population extending to the shore. D. trunculus also showed differential distribution by size or age, the youngest individuals being highest on the shore, and the oldest near LWST. The two species exhibited a similar pattern of seasonal recruitment and growth, but in both there were differences in growth characteristics between the two beaches, individuals at St. Trojan growing to a larger size than those at Vertbois. The mean pattern of mortality in the two areas was similar, and productivity per 100 recruits surviving to the first winter following settlement was greater at St. Trojan than at Vertbois. For D. trunculus the mean population density at Vertbois was higher and the production per unit area on the two beaches was similar. Production to biomass (B) and elimination to biomass (B) ratios were similar for the two beaches for both species, and while production was greater for D. trunculus at both beaches, the B and B ratios were higher for D. vittatus. Comparisons with other published data reveal that the rate of growth of D. trunculus is similar throughout its range from Brittany to the Mediterranean Sea, while that of D. vittatus shows more variation. In both species, there is a trend of increasing P/B and E/B ratios from north to south throughout the geographical range.  相似文献   
512.
When released after clock-shift, homing pigeons fail to orient towards the home direction but display a consistent deflection of their initial orientation due to the difference between the real sun azimuth and the computed azimuth according to the subjective time of each single bird. It has been reported that the size of the observed deflection is frequently smaller than expected and a discussion on the possible factors affecting the size of deflection has emerged. Some authors have proposed that the major factor in reducing the deflection after clock-shift is the simultaneous use of both the magnetic and the sun compasses, giving true and erroneous information, respectively, about the home direction. Therefore, a magnetic disturbance, by impeding the use of the geomagnetic information in determining the home direction, is presumed to increase the size of the deflection up to the levels of the expectation. To test this hypothesis, we released three groups of clock-shifted birds from unfamiliar locations (unmanipulated pigeons, pigeons bearing magnets on their head, and pigeons bearing magnets on their back) together with a group of unshifted control birds. As no difference in the orientation of the three groups emerged, we were not able to confirm the hypothesis of the role of the magnetic compass in reducing the expected deflection after clock-shift.Communicated by W. Wiltschko  相似文献   
513.
The presence of the paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella in the north western (NW) Mediterranean Sea has been known since 1983. From this date on, the species has spread along the Spanish and Italian coastlines. Information concerning A. catenella isolates in the NW Mediterranean Sea was gained through phylogenetic studies. Twenty established toxic cultures of A. catenella taken from various NW Mediterranean Sea locations were analysed by nucleotide sequencing of the 5.8S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer regions. These rDNA ribosomal markers resulted useful in delineating the phylogenetic position of this species in the genus Alexandrium as well as in determining relationships between A. catenella isolates from different geographic areas. The phylogenetic position of the Mediterranean A. catenella ribotype, when compared to the “Alexandrium tamarense/catenella/fundyense species complex”, fits this species complex well. All the Mediterranean A. catenella isolates were constituted by only one genetic ribotype. By comparing the isolate sequences with those of other geographic areas, it revealed that the Mediterranean A. catenella ribotype was closely related to the A. catenella from Japan, Western Pacific Ocean. It was also evident that in temperate Japanese waters, a genetic variability was detected within A. catenella isolates; in fact, all strains resulted divergent showing as many as 15 mutational steps. The possibility that A. catenella has been recently introduced into the Mediterranean basin from temperate Asian areas is discussed.  相似文献   
514.
An intensive study of spatial overlap between the polychaetes Nereis virens (Sars) and Nephtys caeca (Fabricius) was conducted in 1992 on two tidal sand flats, which differ by their exposure to dominant winds and residual currents in the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary (Québec, Canada). Results showed that spatial overlap (Lloyd's index and spatial distribution) was higher among adults of both species at the lower tidal elevation of l'Anse-à-l'Orignal (north-east oriented). Results also suggest weaker interspecific interactions among juveniles of both species because of limited spatial overlap. In Baie-du-Ha!Ha! (south-west oriented), spatial overlap was greater than that observed in l'Anse-à-l'Orignal and appeared important in adults as well as in juveniles. Levins' directional measure of competition indicated an asymmetric spatial overlap between N. virens and N. caeca in Baie-du-Ha!Ha! and a symmetric overlap in l'Anse-à-l'Orignal. The intraspecific encounter values, estimated from Lloyd's mathematical expression, were significantly higher than values of interspecific interactions only in l'Anse-à-l'Orignal. Moreover, no vertical stratification was found inside the sediment, with no effect of the densities and individual body weights of the polychaetes. Juveniles of both species mainly inhabited the organic-rich upper portion of the sediments (0 to 12 cm), while adults colonised greater depths (>25 cm) where organic matter content was lower. A complementary field experiment was conducted in 1993 to investigate interspecific interactions (predation and competition) existing between N. virens and N. caeca. Results from this experiment depend on which species was first-introduced and showed an important variation in mortality rates between allopatric and sympatric conditions. The influence of competition and predation on the structure of these populations is also discussed in relation to their spatial overlap.  相似文献   
515.
This paper presents a new concept to include uncertainty management in energy and environmental planning models developed in algebraic modeling languages. SETSTOCH is a tool for linking algebraic modeling languages with specialized stochastic programming solvers. Its main role is to retrieve from the modeling language a dynamically ordered core model (baseline scenario) that is sent automatically to the stochastic solver. The case presented herein concerns such a study realized with the IEAMARKAL model used by many research teams around the world.  相似文献   
516.
517.
Vulnerability to the health impacts of climate change will be shaped by the existing burden of ill- health and is expected to be highest in poor and socio-economically marginalized populations. Sub-Saharan Africa, in particular, is considered a highly vulnerable region. This paper analyses the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of rural Bakiga communities in southwestern Uganda to climate-sensitive health risks. The objectives were threefold: i) identify key climate-sensitive, community-identified health priorities; ii) describe and characterize determinants of sensitivity to these health priorities at the individual, community and regional levels; and iii) assess the adaptive capacity of Bakiga. Data collection employed a combination of individual and key informant interviews, biographies, future storylines, and Photovoice. Three key health risks were identified by the study communities (malaria, food insecurity, and gastrointestinal illnesses) – all affected by local climatic and environmental conditions, livelihoods, land use changes, and socio-economic conditions. Adaptation within these communities is dependent on their capacity to reduce sensitivities to identified health challenges among the potential of increasing exposures. Crop diversification, reducing deforestation, expanding of livestock rearing, transfer of traditional knowledge, and access to affordable health services are among potential strategies identified. We demonstrate significant existing vulnerabilities to present day climate-related health risks and highlight the importance of non-climatic processes and local conditions in creating sensitivity to health risks. Our place-based understanding is useful to inform interventions or policies aimed to reduce exposure and sensitivity and support adaptive capacity as the conditions these communities face are consistent with many other sub-Saharan African countries.  相似文献   
518.
The presence of the frontal gland is well established in termite soldiers of Rhinotermitidae, Serritermitidae, and Termitidae. It is one of their main defensive adaptations or even an exclusive weapon. The gland was also occasionally reported in alate imagoes, but never in the worker caste. Here, we report the first observation of a frontal gland in workers of several Neotropical and one African species of Apicotermitinae. The ultrastructure of Aparatermes cingulatus and Anoplotermes nr. subterraneus is described in detail. In these two species, the gland is well-developed, functional and consists of class 1 secretory cells. The presence of envelope cells, wrapping the gland, is an unusual feature, as well as the presence of several zonulae adherens, connecting neighbouring glandular cells. The frontal gland of workers is homologous to this organ in soldiers and imagoes, as evidenced by the same position in the head and its connection to the same muscle. However, the defensive role of the frontal gland in workers remains to be confirmed.  相似文献   
519.
Foreword     
Environmental Modeling & Assessment -  相似文献   
520.
Coastline maintenance in the Netherlands, formally in place since 1990, aims at a sustainable preservation of coastal flood protection. Over 25 years annual assessments, comparing the actual coastline positions with the 1990 reference position of the coastline, have governed the execution of sand nourishments following an adaptive management method. This method involves yearly assessment of the coastline based on measurements, design and adoption of nourishment strategies and measures and execution of the nourishments. This management approach has enabled learning and introduction of innovations in coastline maintenance. For instance, in comparison to the early nineties, nourishments are now placed more on the foreshore and the yearly nourishment budget has doubled. The most recent innovation in coastline maintenance is the ‘Sand Motor’, a nature-based nourishment approach, which concentrates the regular nourishments in space and time, given that natural processes should redistribute the sediment over the wider coastal system. In contrast to regular nourishments, the Sand Motor combines flood protection with nature and recreational objectives and is much larger in dimensions. Five years after the construction of the Sand Motor we investigate its usability in this article. We present the results of first Sand Motor evaluation and draw conclusion on the adoption and usefulness of it for coastline management from the perspective of the adaptive management method used in coastline maintenance. Recent evaluation of the monitoring data shows that the large amount of sand used for the Sand Motor has a positive impact on coastal protection. Bridging between the Sand Motor pilot and daily nourishement practice is however not yet achieved.  相似文献   
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