氨与脉冲电晕等离子体脱除SO_2的协同效应

为了揭示氨与等离子体脱除ＳＯ２的协同效应，对比了脉冲电晕等离子体在氨气注入前后ＳＯ２脱除率的变化。实验结果表明，脉冲电晕等离子体单独作用时，ＳＯ２脱除率仅为９％～１５％，而氨与脉冲电晕等离子体共同作用时，ＳＯ２脱除率可达９０％以上（ｆ＝１．０）．并从化学热力学角度探讨了氨与脉冲电晕的协同效应能显著提高ＳＯ２脱除率的原因，还考察了氧含量、温度对协同效应的影响     

Response of non-point source pollutant loads to climate change in the Shitoukoumen reservoir catchment

The impacts of climate change on streamflow and non-point source pollutant loads in the Shitoukoumen reservoir catchment are predicted by combining a general circulation model (HadCM3) with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model. A statistical downscaling model was used to generate future local scenarios of meteorological variables such as temperature and precipitation. Then, the downscaled meteorological variables were used as input to the SWAT hydrological model calibrated and validated with observations, and the corresponding changes of future streamflow and non-point source pollutant loads in Shitoukoumen reservoir catchment were simulated and analyzed. Results show that daily temperature increases in three future periods (2010–2039, 2040–2069, and 2070–2099) relative to a baseline of 1961–1990, and the rate of increase is 0.63°C per decade. Annual precipitation also shows an apparent increase of 11 mm per decade. The calibration and validation results showed that the SWAT model was able to simulate well the streamflow and non-point source pollutant loads, with a coefficient of determination of 0.7 and a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of about 0.7 for both the calibration and validation periods. The future climate change has a significant impact on streamflow and non-point source pollutant loads. The annual streamflow shows a fluctuating upward trend from 2010 to 2099, with an increase rate of 1.1 m³ s⁻¹ per decade, and a significant upward trend in summer, with an increase rate of 1.32 m³ s⁻¹ per decade. The increase in summer contributes the most to the increase of annual load compared with other seasons. The annual NH₄⁺-N load into Shitoukoumen reservoir shows a significant downward trend with a decrease rate of 40.6 t per decade. The annual TP load shows an insignificant increasing trend, and its change rate is 3.77 t per decade. The results of this analysis provide a scientific basis for effective support of decision makers and strategies of adaptation to climate change.     

三甲基氯化锡对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)生理生化特性的影响

为初步探讨三甲基氯化锡(trimethyltin chloride,TMT)对鱼类的毒性效应以及评价环境中TMT的安全性,采用静态鱼类急性毒性试验法测定了TMT对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)生理生化指标的影响;参考TMT的96 h-LC50值,设定3个浓度(0.39、0.78和1.17 mg·L-1)处理斑马鱼,测...     

共存阳离子对砷、硒和钒毒性效应的影响及预测模型研究

为探明并量化共存阳离子存在下含氧阴离子型金属在生物体中的毒性效应,以模式植物小麦(Triticum aestivumL.)为研究对象,通过单一变量控制实验,探究了4种阳离子(Ca⁽²⁺⁾、Mg(2+)、Mg⁽²⁺⁾、Na(2+)、Na⁺和K+和K⁺)对3种典型含氧阴离子型金属(AsO_4+)对3种典型含氧阴离子型金属(AsO_4^(3-)、SeO_3(3-)、SeO_3^(2-)和VO_4(2-)和VO_4^(3-))毒性的影响,并构建了静电作用模型来预测和评估As、Se和V的生态毒性效应与风险。结果表明,Ca(3-))毒性的影响,并构建了静电作用模型来预测和评估As、Se和V的生态毒性效应与风险。结果表明,Ca⁽²⁺⁾对As、Se和V毒性的影响呈现出3种不同的趋势：在相同设计浓度范围内Ca(2+)对As、Se和V毒性的影响呈现出3种不同的趋势：在相同设计浓度范围内Ca⁽²⁺⁾的增加显著引起了As毒性的减弱(Adj.R(2+)的增加显著引起了As毒性的减弱(Adj.R²=0.76,P<0.05)、V毒性的加剧(Adj.R2=0.76,P<0.05)、V毒性的加剧(Adj.R²=0.81,P<0.05),而对Se毒性却没有显著影响。当Mg2=0.81,P<0.05),而对Se毒性却没有显著影响。当Mg⁽²⁺⁾从0.20 mmol·L(2+)从0.20 mmol·L^(-1)增加到2.73 mmol·L(-1)增加到2.73 mmol·L^(-1)时,Se主导形态的半数有效活度值(EC_(50){HSeO+3(-1)时,Se主导形态的半数有效活度值(EC_(50){HSeO+3^-})从40.40 μmol·L-})从40.40 μmol·L^(-1)显著下降为27.98 μmol·L(-1)显著下降为27.98 μmol·L^(-1),即Se毒性增强到原来的1.44倍(Adj.R(-1),即Se毒性增强到原来的1.44倍(Adj.R²=0.79,P<0.05)。静电作用理论能够很好地解释Ca2=0.79,P<0.05)。静电作用理论能够很好地解释Ca⁽²⁺⁾(或Mg(2+)(或Mg⁽²⁺⁾)在显著增强V(或Se)毒性中发挥的作用,将这种静电作用影响纳入考虑成功构建了可以定量预测V(Adj.R(2+))在显著增强V(或Se)毒性中发挥的作用,将这种静电作用影响纳入考虑成功构建了可以定量预测V(Adj.R²=0.88)和Se(Adj.R2=0.88)和Se(Adj.R²=0.95)毒性的静电作用模型。研究结果弥补了目前含氧阴离子型金属生态毒性研究的不足,为含氧阴离子型金属的土壤污染生态风险评估提供了指导与参考。     

连续式生物吸收工艺脱除二氧化硫

运用连续式生物吸收处理工艺,以废糖蜜发酵液作为碳源进行了微生物法去除SO2气体的研究,在简单粗放的实验条件下,研究了脱硫脱硫弧菌对较大气量SO2气体的去除效果,并对产物H2S在第二级生物反应器中的去除率进行了测定。实验结果表明,随着进气量由0.18 m3/h增大至5 m3/h,脱硫率会降低,但是随之提高搅拌速度和补料速度后,脱硫率又恢复到较高水平,当搅拌速度为590 r/min时,5 L生物反应液可以处理5 m3/h的SO2气体,1#反应器SO2去除率和2#反应器H2S去除率分别达到92%和98%以上。在气量增至5 m3/h时,1#和2#反应器补料流速分别为175 mL/h和200 mL/h时,没有亚硫酸盐和硫化物的积累,pH值和菌体浓度稳定,系统运行良好。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals (HMs) as well as their genotoxicity in soil after long-term wastewater irrigation

A study was carried out on the residue level of major concern pollutants (PAHs, PCBs and HMs) and the assessment of their genotoxicity in soils obtained from Shenyang, northeast of China which had been subjected to wastewater irrigation for more than 40 years. Topsoils (0-20cm) in paddy fields were sampled along the upper, middle and lower reaches of the wastewater disposal channel. Sixteen USEPA PAHs were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector, eight PCBs were detected by Gas Chromatography (GC) with electron capture detector, and six heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cr) were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The genotoxicity effect of soils was examined by Vicia faba micronucleus (MN) test. Archived soils that had undergone a similar history of wastewater irrigation provided by Technical University of Berlin, Germany were subjected to analysis of the above pollutants and Vicia faba/MN test for comparison. Results indicated elevated residues of the studied pollutants (PAHs, especially benzo (a) pyrene, the eight PCB congeners and heavy metals) in both tested and archived soils. The MN frequencies were 2.2-48.4 times higher compared with the control. However, there was no correlation between the MN frequencies and the concentration of pollutants detected. This investigation suggested a potential ecological risk even with a lower level of residual pollutants in soil matrix after long-term wastewater irrigation.     

钙型天然斜发沸石去除猪场废水中营养物的实验研究

以钙型天然斜发沸石为实验材料,研究反应时间、沸石投加量、pH值、有机物浓度等因素对去除实际猪场废水中氨氮、磷和COD效果的影响。研究表明,钙型天然斜发沸石对实际猪场废水的处理效果良好,在沸石投加量为250 g/L、pH值为8.0～9.0、反应时间为24 h的条件下,钙型天然斜发沸石对氨氮、磷和COD的去除率分别达到96%、97%和84%。pH值对钙型天然斜发沸石氨氮去除效果影响不大,但对磷和COD的去除效果影响较显著;当pH值由6.0升高至7.0时,磷的去除率由63%迅速升高至93%,pH值为8.0以上时,去除率接近95%;随pH值的升高,COD的去除率先升高后降低,在pH值为8.0时,去除率达到最大,为84%。废水COD浓度对氨氮去除率的影响基本可忽略,但对磷的去除有轻微的抑制作用。采用固定滤柱过滤时,水力负荷控制在375 mL/h以下,氨氮、磷和COD的去除效果较好。     

基于MODIS数据遥感反演呼伦湖水体总磷浓度及富营养化状态评价

水体中总磷的浓度是衡量水环境的重要指标之一,对于水质和富营养化评价的研究具有重要意义。利用遥感卫星反演TP浓度并进行湖泊富营养化评价可以对湖泊TP浓度分布及富营养化程度进行全面整体监测,对水体水质实时动态监测和富营养化、洪灾等应急处理有较大的实用价值。以呼伦湖为研究区域,分别用2012年8月5日和2013年7月2日13个取样点的实测TP浓度值并结合同一天MODIS影像,进行TP浓度的特征波段选择,建立了基于MODIS遥感影像的半经验回归模型并进行验证,然后,应用模型反演呼伦湖2013年5—10月水体TP浓度值并结合舒金华修正营养状态指数模型进行富营养化评价。结果表明,在呼伦湖流域应用MODIS数据500 m分辨率中的第6、7波段可以较好地模拟水体中的TP浓度,呼伦湖2013年5—10月TP浓度分布较均匀,水体呈富营养化水平,与日常观测和其他学者得到的结果一致。研究表明,模型具有一定的预测能力,利用MODIS影像可以较好地对湖泊水体TP浓度进行反演并评价富营养化水平。     

Feasibility of a membrane-aerated biofilm reactor to achieve single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal based on Anammox

A laboratory-scale membrane-aerated biofilm bioreactor (MABR) equipped with non-woven fabrics support around the gas-permeable carbon tube was developed for single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal based on partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidization. This reactor allowed air to be supplied through the microporous carbon tube wall to the biofilm that was supported by non-woven fabrics. The partial nitrification and consumption of dissolved oxygen occurred in the inner layer and Anammox in the anoxic outer layer of the non-woven fabrics, thus realizing autotrophic nitrogen removal in a single reactor. After 116d of operation, the maximal nitrogen removal of 0.77kgNm(-3)d(-1) at a volumetric ammonium loading rate of 0.87kgNm(-3)d(-1) was achieved. The spatial profiles of the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and Anammox bacteria were evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization. This study demonstrated that MABR was a very suitable experimental set-up for the operation of the single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal process.     

生物催化氧化法脱除H2S的试验研究

针对H₂S污染的严峻形势，构建了包括催化再生装置和生物滴滤器的生物催化氧化装置。该装置以沸石为填料，以氧化亚铁硫杆菌为脱硫菌种，通过微生物和Fe³⁺的双重氧化作用高效脱除H₂S。试验确定了装置的适宜喷淋量和沸石的最佳粒径。在温度为30℃，进气量为0.25 m³/h，进气H₂S浓度为2500mg/m³，喷淋量为1000mL/h，喷淋液的pH值为1.97、Fe³⁺浓度为0.05 mol/L的条件下，出气H₂S浓度足以达到GB14554-93规定的一级厂界标准值。试验证明，生物催化氧化法是一种新型高效的脱硫技术，应进一步开展中试研究。