Effect of nutrient conditions on the toxicity of naphthalene to Chlorella pyrenoidosa

The toxicity of naphthalene to a freshwater microalga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, and the subsequent recovery of algae from the damage were investigated under two nutrient conditions, either enriched with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), or starved of N and P. Results showed that C. pyrenoidosa was more sensitive to naphthalene under N,P-enriched condition, and the inhibitory rate generally increased at first and then decreased gradually with the evaporation of naphthalene under both nutrient conditions. Enriched N, P reduced the inhibitory rate at initial naphthalene concentration of 5 and 10 mg/L, but enhanced it at 100 mg/L, at which more severe ultrastructure damages were found than those under N,P-starved condition. Observed damages included partly or totally disappearance of nucleolus, nuclear, and plasma membranes. According to the chlorophyll content and cell density measurements, C. pyrenoidosa could recover from naphthalene damage with initial concentrations 6 50 mg/L in 7 days under both nutrient conditions, while they could not recover if the initial concentration of naphthalene was at 100 mg/L. Under the N,P-starved condition, the inability of C. pyrenoidosa to recover from the naphthalene damage was consistent with the results of high inhibitory rate, low value of specific growth rate (SGR, 0.05 day??1), and the severe destruction of cell structure. However, under the N,P-enriched conditions, the observed lower inhibitory rate, higher value of SGR (0.55 day??1), and the intact cell structure of most cells suggested that algae could potentially recover from the naphthalene damage.     

Effects of metal cations on sorption-desorption of p-nitrophenol onto wheat ash

The mutual e ects of metal cations (Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+) and p-nitrophenol (NP) on their adsorption desorption behavior onto wheat ash were studied. Results suggested that Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ diminished the adsorption and increased the desorption of NP remarkably, while Cd2+ had no such e ect. In contrast, NP diminished the adsorption of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ onto ash, however, this suppression e ect depended on the initial concentrations of metal cations. NP had no e ect on Cd2+ adsorption on ash. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray absorption spectroscopic (XAS) studies suggested the following mechanisms responsible for the metal suppression e ect on NP adsorption: (1) large hydrated Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ shells occupied the surface of ash and prevent nonspecific adsorption of NP onto ash surface; (2) Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ may block the micropores of ash, resulting in decreased adsorption of NP; (3) complexation of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ was likely via carboxyl, hydroxylic and phenolic groups of wheat ash and these same groups may also react with NP during adsorption. As a “soft acid”, Cd2+ is less e cient in the complexation of oxygencontaining acid groups than Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+. Thus, Cd2+ had no e ect on the adsorption of NP on wheat ash.     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱法测定水中的乙醛和丙烯醛

建立了吹扫捕集-气相色谱法测定水样中乙醛和丙烯醛的方法,并对吹扫捕集测试条件进行优化,考察了吹扫温度和吹扫时间对吹扫捕集效率和方法检出限的影响。在50℃下,吹扫时间为20 min时,该方法乙醛和丙烯醛的检出限分别为0.001 2 mg/L、0.000 6 mg/L,相对标准偏差分别为3.5%～6.9%、2.9%～5.8%,加标回收率分别为91.6%～108%、92.0%～105%。与GB3838-2002推荐使用的分析方法相比较,该方法具有操作简便、灵敏度高、重复性好、基本上不消耗有机溶剂等特点,可满足地表水和废水中乙醛和丙烯醛的测定要求。     

有机质对土壤气相抽提去除四氯化碳效率的影响

某重要岩溶地下水源地因附近农药厂排放含四氯化碳污水而受到严重污染,实验采用土柱通风试验模拟土壤气相抽提(SVE),研究环境温度为20℃,通风速率为40mL/min,土壤含水率10%,而土壤有机质含量分别为3.02%和0.13%条件下的两种供试土壤中四氯化碳污染物的去除过程.结果表明,土柱通风能有效去除土壤中的四氯化碳污...     

紫外辐射对小分子有机酸化学凝聚性作用途径探讨

通过烧杯实验系统考察了紫外辐射对脂肪羧酸类和酚酸类小分子有机酸的化学凝聚性的作用途径.结果表明,溶液pH对柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸和丁二酸等脂肪羧酸类有机物的混凝性能影响较小.紫外辐射处理后,脂肪羧酸类小分子有机物的混凝去除率均高于未经紫外辐射处理的水样.进一步研究表明,紫外辐射过程中发生了光化学反应,使得脂肪羧酸的表面负电性降低,进而提高了其化学凝聚性.与脂肪类小分子有机酸不同,苯酚、水杨酸和苯甲酸的化学凝聚性较差,且受紫外辐射过程的影响小.单宁酸的混凝性能较好,pH=6时的去除率最高可达90%以上,这可能与其分子中脂肪酸碳链结构的存在以及单宁酸分子较大,易与PACl的水解产物发生吸附电中和反应有关.     

电絮凝去除废水中多种重金属影响因素研究

目的以铁作为电极,研究电絮凝法处理含多种重金属废水的影响因素及效果。方法通过控制pH、停留时间、电流密度、电导率、废水初始浓度等因素至不同水平,考察处理效果、能耗及极板消耗的变化。结果随着停留时间、pH值及电流密度的升高,处理效果越好,但升高至一定程度后,处理效果提升并不明显;电导率对处理效果影响并不显著,但过低的电导率会增加能耗;废水初始浓度越高,要达到处理目标所需的能耗及极板消耗均越高。结论当pH为8.5~9.0、进水电导率为1500~2000μs/cm、停留时间为3~4 min、废水初始质量浓度20 mg/L、电流密度为13.2~19.8 A/m2时,处理效果最理想,对总铜、总镍、总铅、总锌、总镉及总铬的去除率达到99%以上,且能耗与极板消耗均为最低,电絮凝法更适合于重金属废水的深度处理。     

城镇污泥蚯蚓堆肥硝化进程及其影响因素

硝化是城镇污泥蚯蚓堆肥稳定化的最后一个阶段,研究硝化进程及其影响因素对减少蚯蚓堆肥过程中的NH_4~+积累、氮素损失和加快蚯蚓堆肥稳定化过程具有重要意义.文章考察了蚯蚓生物量、环境温度以及好氧条件对蚯蚓堆肥NH_4~+、NO_3~-变化的影响.结果发现,蚯蚓生物量对NH_4~+、NO_3~-含量变化影响较大,并存在显著的跃变特点,即当蚯蚓生物量超过一定数量时,会显著加快氨化和硝化速率.环境温度显著影响堆肥氨化作用,影响大小顺序为25℃20℃15℃;环境温度仅对蚯蚓堆肥硝化速率产生影响,但不改变堆肥的硝化进程.蚯蚓堆肥好氧条件对硝化影响大于对氨化的影响,好氧条件优劣不但影响硝化进程还影响硝化速率,氧环境条件好的蚯蚓堆肥硝化进程启动早,硝化速率高.     

四氯乙烯污染对小麦幼苗抗氧化酶系的影响

通过室内模拟试验,采用愈创木酚法、高锰酸钾滴定法、氮蓝四唑法分别测定了四氯乙烯(PCE)污染小麦幼苗的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)等抗氧化物酶系,研究了PCE污染对植物生物学指标的影响,以评价土壤PCE污染的生态毒性效应,为土壤性质的变化趋势提供依据.结果表明,PCE浓度较低时,POD、SOD活性被激活,表现出明显的抗氧化能力,但PCE浓度过高时则抑制POD和SOD的活性诱导作用;小麦幼苗中CAT活性只有在PCE为0.10mg/kg时被激活,其他浓度时CAT活性均受到抑制;随着时间的延长,POD、CAT的活性均呈激活态势,而SOD活性在PCE浓度较低时呈降低趋势,在PCE浓度较高时,SOD活性升高.     

典型铬渣简易掩埋场铬渣及土壤铬污染特征和处置分析

通过钻孔采样分析,研究了典型铬渣简易掩埋场地下铬渣及土壤铬中Cr6 、总Cr的分布特征和污染状况,结果表明,铬渣简易掩埋场铬污染程度严重,引起了周边和地下深部较大面积的土壤污染,深度达到了地下的基岩.铬含量在土壤层剖面中分布呈现规律性变化,即随土壤深度增加,Cr6 、总Cr含量逐渐下降,但绝大多数超过了危险废物毒性鉴别标准.从铬污染程度上看,总体上存在铬渣>土壤>人工填土.在此基础上,提出了铬渣及污染土壤的处置方式,为铬渣污染治理和资源化利用提供科学依据.     

umu试验菌种保存条件优化研究

研究了umu试验菌株(Salmonella typhimurimu TA1535/pSK1002)的菌种在普通冰箱中保存时其生长曲线和活性的变化,菌种经活化后可以得到稳定的活化生长曲线以及比较稳定的4-NQO活性曲线.通过菌种活化,使得umu试验菌种在普通冰箱中保存就能具有很好的活性和稳定性,极大地降低了保存难度,简化了菌种保存操作步骤,增加了试验的可重复性,有利于umu试验在实际环境样品检测中的应用.