北京市制造业减污降碳协同效应分析和驱动因素

基于北京市2013～2020年制造业大气污染物和CO₂排放数据计算结果,分析了制造业排放变化特征,采用协同效应系数评估了制造业减污降碳的协同效果,并利用LMDI模型量化分析了人口规模、经济发展、产业结构、能耗强度、能源结构和排放强度对于大气污染物排放、CO₂排放以及二者综合的驱动影响程度.结果表明,北京市制造业排放总体呈下降趋势,2013～2020年,大气污染物排放减少了79.2%～92.5%,CO₂排放减少了60.3%,各项排放在“清空五年”和“蓝天三年”时期呈现不同的阶段性特征.从减污降碳协同效果来看,各项大气污染物和CO₂的协同效应系数均在0～1之间,对于大气污染物的减排作用大于CO₂.从各驱动因素影响来看,能耗强度降低和能源结构优化对于排放的负向拉动作用较大,排放强度降低对于大气污染物排放具有抑制作用;从协同减排综合驱动影响来看,能耗强度降低的协同效果最为明显,产业结构调整在“蓝天三年”时期的协同效果最佳.     

污水厂增钙干化污泥烟气处理工程

采用湿式填料塔技术治理污水厂增钙干化污泥过程中产生的大气二次污染。在取得技术适用性、风机位置、喷头孔径、水箱尺寸等工程经验后,对该技术进行评价和展望:首先在未来应利用烟气余热,设置换热器,提高能源循环使用效率,其次处理高浓度的恶臭气体,需要对现有工艺进行评估和改进。     

蒸发浓缩-SBR联合处理高盐度高浓度医药中间体废水

针对高盐度高浓度有机废水,提出了蒸发浓缩-SBR联合处理新技术。采用减压蒸发浓缩有机废水,对浓缩液中的硫酸钠进行结晶回收,回收后的硫酸钠结晶物可以作为半成品销售,浓缩残渣液进行焚烧处理;蒸发冷凝水再经SBR生化处理达标排入污水厂。该技术可有效处理高盐分高浓度有机废水,经济合理,并可实现资源综合利用。     

长白山地区大气VOCs 的观测研究

为了解我国东北内陆背景大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的浓度水平和变化形式,采用3 步冷冻浓缩和GC/MS 联用技术对长白山地区大气中VOCs 进行了为期1 年的采样分析.结果表明,长白山地区大气中总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)年平均浓度为(181.7±69.6)×10-9C(碳单位体积比),其中烷、烯、芳香和卤代烃4 类物质的百分含量依次为43%、22%、31%和4%.烷烃类物质中异戊烷、2-甲基戊烷、正戊烷和3-甲基戊烷等机动车尾气或汽油挥发特征性物质浓度最高;芳香烃类物质中苯/甲苯的特征比值略高于机动车尾气排放特征比值0.5;烯烃类物质以植物排放的蒎烯、异戊二烯为主.从高浓度VOCs 种类分析,长白山地区大气VOCs 受汽车污染和森林排放双重控制.TVOCs 浓度年度峰值出现在春季,为(206.0±58.9)×10-9C;谷值出现在冬季,为(152.3±53.9)×10-9C.根据等效丙烯浓度的计算,烯烃对该地区O3 生成贡献最大,而含量丰富的烷烃、芳香烃则在光化学反应中贡献较小.     

京津地区大气中非甲烷烃(NMHCs)质量浓度水平和反应活性研究

2006年8月15日—9月15日同时在北京和天津对大气中的非甲烷烃（NMHCs）进行了同步观测,利用最大增量反应活性（MIR）计算了两地NMHCs的臭氧生成潜势以估计其对臭氧生成的影响. 结果表明,北京大气中ρ（NMHCs）平均值比天津高78.0 　μg/m3.用上午的ρ（NMHCs）计算了京津地区臭氧生成潜势,分别为1 470 和814 　μg/m3,其中苯系物对臭氧生成的影响最大,分别占总臭氧生成潜势的75%和73%,其次是烯烃（占13%和11%）和烷烃（占12%和16%）. 比较两地ρ（NMHCs）和NMHCs的反应活性可知,北京地区大气中NMHCs的组成比天津的稳定,且其反应活性强于天津. 结合臭氧浓度发现,北京地区大气的氧化能力比天津强.      

Savanna tree density, herbivores, and the herbaceous community: bottom-up vs. top-down effects

Herbivores choose their habitats both to maximize forage intake and to minimize their risk of predation. For African savanna herbivores, the available habitats range in woody cover from open areas with few trees to dense, almost-closed woodlands. This variation in woody cover or density can have a number of consequences for herbaceous species composition, cover, and productivity, as well as for ease of predator detection and avoidance. Here, we consider two alternative possibilities: first, that tree density affects the herbaceous vegetation, with concomitant "bottom-up" effects on herbivore habitat preferences; or, second, that tree density affects predator visibility, mediating "top-down" effects of predators on herbivore habitat preferences. We sampled sites spanning a 10-fold range of tree densities in an Acacia drepanolobium-dominated savanna in Laikipia, Kenya, for variation in (1) herbaceous cover, composition, and species richness; (2) wild and domestic herbivore use; and (3) degree of visibility obstruction by the tree layer. We then used structural equation modeling to consider the potential influences that tree density may have on herbivores and herbaceous community properties. Tree density was associated with substantial variation in herbaceous species composition and richness. Cattle exhibited a fairly uniform use of the landscape, whereas wild herbivores, with the exception of elephants, exhibited a strong preference for areas of low tree density. Model results suggest that this was not a response to variation in herbaceous-community characteristics, but rather a response to the greater visibility associated with more open places. Elephants, in contrast, preferred areas with higher densities of trees, apparently because of greater forage availability. These results suggest that, for all but the largest species, top-down behavioral effects of predator avoidance on herbivores are mediated by tree density. This, in turn, appears to have cascading effects on the herbaceous vegetation. These results shed light on one of the major features of the "landscape of fear" in which African savanna herbivores exist.     

Seasonal variations of ATPase activity and antioxidant defenses in gills of the mud crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scylla serrata</Emphasis> (Crustacea,Decapoda)

The mud crab Scylla serrata is an important commercial crustacean being widely distributed along the southeastern coast of China. This crab and particularly its gills are subjected to seasonal fluctuations of environmental factors due to direct exposure to seawater. The investigation of seasonal variations of ATPase and antioxidant defenses in gills could be helpful for the understanding of physiological regulation mechanism of seasonal adaptations. In this study, mud crabs were collected from the subtropical waters near Xiamen island, Southeast China (24°26′46′′N, 118°04′04′′E), in August and November, 2002, and February and May, 2003, respectively, being considered as specimens from summer, autumn, winter and spring, respectively. Only healthy intermoult male crabs without carapace or appendage damage were used, having a carapace width of 7.05 ± 0.52 cm and a wet weight of 130 ± 20 g. The activities of four ATPases and three antioxidation enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and the content of malondialdehyde in gills were measured. The results showed that the activities of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase, Mg²⁺-ATPase, Ca²⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺-ATPase reached maximum levels similarly in summer and decreased in winter. The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were higher in summer and lower in winter, with a significant decrease in winter compared to the other seasons (p < 0.01). Glutathione peroxidase activity was higher in summer, and lower in autumn, being significantly higher in summer or winter than in spring or autumn (p < 0.01). Malondialdehyde content was higher in summer and lower in spring with significant differences among the different seasons (p < 0.01). In summary, the obvious seasonal activity variations of four ATPases and antioxidant enzymes and the content of malondialdehyde reflect a seasonal regulation of the physiological metabolising enzyme and the antioxidant capacity to cope with seasonal alterations of environment factors such as fluctuating salinities and temperatures.     

磺酰脲类除草剂在环境中的光降解研究——水溶液中的光解动力学

以汞灯为光源,研究了甲黄隆,苯黄隆,氯黄隆,氯嘧黄隆,苄嘧黄和胺苯黄隆６种磺酰脲类除草剂在水液中的光解动力淡。结果表明,５种磺酰的降解呈一级动力学反应;体系的ＰＨ值对降解速率影响不明显,光强的影响较明显著;Ｈ２Ｏ２丙酮和溶解有机质均可促进磺酰光解;党妥氧对该类除草剂光解的影响表现为光氧化与淬灭２种作用的竞争。     

粉末活性炭-生物处理技术及工程应用

粉末活性炭 生物处理技术是一种强化生物工艺。本文介绍了该工艺的设计方法以及作者在不同化工废水处理中的应用实例 ,表明该技术在处理难生物降解的工业废水中有很好的应用前景 ,而且经济上可行。     

采油污水生物处理技术

采油污水是石油工业中的重点污染源之一。本文论述了采油污水生物处理的难度和技术可行性 ,总结了国内外近年来采油污水生物处理技术的现状及研究进展。