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121.
Graham A. Matthews 《The Environmentalist》2008,28(1):19-24
Pesticides are applied in diverse situations, but in each, careful consideration has to be given to applying the optimum dosage
accurately with minimal exposure of the active substance to the operator. Emphasis is given to ways in which application equipment,
suitable for both small-scale and large farms has been adapted to meet health and safety requirements. New developments in
nozzle design provide users with greater flexibility in optimising pesticide delivery, while minimising spray volumes. Changes
in equipment design that influence dose transfer are discussed. 相似文献
122.
Assessing depleted uranium (DU) contamination of soil, plants and earthworms at UK weapons testing sites 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Oliver IW Graham MC MacKenzie AB Ellam RM Farmer JG 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2007,9(7):740-748
Depleted uranium (DU) weapons testing programmes have been conducted at two locations within the UK. An investigation was therefore carried out to assess the extent of any environmental contamination arising from these test programmes using both alpha spectrometry and mass spectrometry techniques. Uranium isotopic signatures indicative of DU contamination were observed in soil, plant and earthworm samples collected in the immediate vicinity of test firing points and targets, but contamination was found to be localised to these areas. This paper demonstrates the superiority of the (235)U : (238)U ratio over the (234)U : (238)U ratio for identifying and quantifying DU contamination in environmental samples, and also describes the respective circumstances under which alpha spectrometry or mass spectrometry may be the more appropriate analytical tool. 相似文献
123.
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126.
sustainability, but the most meaningful definition is set within an evolutionary framework. Mechanistic and evolutionary frameworks for sustainable
development are discussed. Evolution and adaptation are characteristics of complex adaptive systems, and a new understanding
of sustainable development can be gleaned by using the complex adaptive systems framework. This approach to sustainable development
issues implicitly requires proactive involvement by the public. This paper supports that bottom-up participation needs to
be nurtured. Appropriate processes to enable participation need to be designed and implemented. 相似文献
127.
J. B. Graham 《Marine Biology》1973,23(1):83-91
The physiological adaptations for terrestrial life of the rockskipper Mnierpes macrocephalus (Günther) have been examined and compared with other amphibious species. The rockskipper lives on steep rocky shores in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, and makes brief terrestrial excursions for orientation, feeding, and to avoid wave action and predators. The rockskipper spends a large portion of its time, and can live perfectly well, submerged in water. The duration of this species' daytime terrestrial sojourns rarely exceeds 30 min. While on land, the rockskipper respires aerially, through its gills and skin, at the same rate it normally respires in water. When exposed to sunlight without water, the rockskipper's body temperature increases rapidly. A small amount of water, however, enables the rockskipper to remain cool, apparently by dissipating absorbed heat through evaporative cooling of the gills and skin. Evaporative water-loss from respiratory surfaces is a major factor limiting terrestrial excursions of the rockskipper. 相似文献
128.
129.
Foraging areas of king penguins from Macquarie Island in relation to a marine protected area 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Twenty-three king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) from Macquarie Island were tracked by satellite during the late incubation period in 1998–1999 to determine the overlap
of the foraging zone of king penguins with an area to be declared a marine protected area (MPA) near the island. While all
penguins left the colony in an easterly direction and traveled clockwise back to the island, three penguins foraged in the
northern parts of the general foraging area and stayed north of 56°S. The remaining 20 penguins ventured south and most crossed
59°S before returning to the island. The total foraging area was estimated to be 156,000 km2 with 36,500 km2 being most important (where penguins spent >150 hr in total). North-foraging penguins reached on average 331 ± 24 km from
the colony compared to 530 ± 76 km for the south-foraging penguins. The latter traveled an average total distance of 1313
± 176 km, while the northern foragers averaged 963 ± 166 km. Not only did the penguins spend the majority of their foraging
time within the boundaries of the proposed MPA, they also foraged chiefly within the boundaries of a highly protected zone.
Thus, the MPA is likely to encompass the foraging zone of king penguins, at least during incubation. 相似文献
130.
The determination of reproductive status and the reconstruction of individual reproductive histories are central to many ecological
studies. In cetaceans, it has been assumed that ovarian scars accumulate with age and provide a lifetime record of female
reproductive history. If ovarian scars persist, the number of scars should increase with age after puberty. To test this,
we examined age, reproductive status and ovarian scars from 187 short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) from the eastern North Atlantic. The number of Corpus Albicans (CA) present in ovaries did not increase with age after age
at sexual maturity (ASM), suggesting that ovarian scars are not persistent and that their number at any one time would be
a function of rates of ovulation and healing, the latter being defined here as the resorption or disintegration of CA tissue.
Since female mammals stop ovulating when pregnant, inferences about healing rates could be made by using pregnant females.
Pregnant females had ca. 40% fewer scars than non-pregnant females. This suggests that most CAs would heal quickly, with a
half-life of less than 1 year, although larger scars may persist longer. Therefore, counting CAs would have limited potential
for reconstructing individual reproductive lifetime histories in the common dolphin. A reassessment of the use of ovarian
scars to reconstruct individual life reproductive histories in cetaceans is suggested. 相似文献