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排序方式: 共有287条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
211.
Taggart MA Cuthbert R Das D Sashikumar C Pain DJ Green RE Feltrer Y Shultz S Cunningham AA Meharg AA 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,147(1):60-65
Gyps vultures across India are declining rapidly and the NSAID diclofenac has been shown to be the major cause. Vultures scavenge livestock carcasses that have been treated with diclofenac within the days preceding death. We present data on diclofenac disposition in Indian cow and goat, and field data on the prevalence of diclofenac in carcases in the environment. In the disposition experiment, animals were treated with a single intramuscular injection of diclofenac at 1000 microg kg-1 bw. In cow, diclofenac was detectable in liver, kidney and intestine up to 71 h post-treatment; in plasma, half-life was 12.2 h. In goat, tissue residues were undetectable after 26 h. Prevalence of diclofenac in liver from 36 dead livestock collected in the field was 13.9%. Data suggest that diclofenac residues in Indian cow and goat are short-lived, but diclofenac prevalence in carcasses available to vultures may still be very high. 相似文献
212.
Heung W Yun MJ Chang DP Green PG Halm C 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2007,57(2):252-260
The presence of Cr in the +6 oxidation state (Cr[VI]) is still observed in ambient air samples in California despite steps taken to reduce emissions from plating operations. One known source of emission of Cr(VI) is welding, especially with high Cr-content materials, such as stainless steels. An experimental effort was undertaken to expand and update Cr(VI) emission factors by conducting tests on four types of arc-welding operations: gas-metal arc welding (GMAW), shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), fluxcore arc welding, and pulsed GMAW. Standard American Welding Society hood results were compared with a total enclosure method that permitted isokinetic sampling for particle size-cut measurement, as well as total collection of the aerosol. The fraction of Cr(VI) emitted per unit mass of Cr electrode consumed was determined. Consistent with AP-42 data, initial results indicate that a significant fraction of the total Cr in the aerosol is in the +6 oxidation state. The fraction of Cr(VI) and total aerosol mass produced by the different arc welding methods varies with the type of welding process used. Self-shielded electrodes that do not use a shield gas, for example, SMAW, produce greater amounts of Cr(VI) per unit mass of electrode consumed. The formation of Cr(VI) from standard electrode wires used for welding mild steel was below the method detection limit after eliminating an artifact in the analytical method used. 相似文献
213.
Developing a translational discourse to communicate uncertainty in flood risk between science and the practitioner 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
The language and tools of risk and uncertainty estimation in flood risk management (FRM) are rarely optimized for the extant communication challenge. This paper develops the rationale for a pragmatic semiotics of risk communication between scientists developing flood models and forecasts and those professional groups who are the receptors for flood risk estimates and warnings in the UK. The current barriers to effective communication and the constraints involved in the formation of a communication language are explored, focusing on the role of the professional's agenda or "mission" in creating or reducing those constraints. The tools available for the development of this discourse, for both flood warnings in real time and generalized FRM communications, are outlined. It is argued that the contested ownership of the articulation of uncertainties embedded in flood risk communications could be reduced by the development of a formally structured translational discourse between science and professionals in FRM, through which process "codes of practice" for uncertainty estimation in different application areas can be developed. Ways in which this might take place in an institutional context are considered. 相似文献
214.
Changes in water level,land use,and hydrological budget in a semi-permanent playa lake,Southwest Spain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rodríguez-Rodríguez M Green AJ López R Martos-Rosillo S 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(2):797-810
Medina playa lake, a Ramsar site in western Andalusia, is a brackish lowland lake of 120 ha with an average depth of 1 m.
Water flows into Medina from its 1,748-ha watershed, but the hydrology of the lake has not previously been studied. This paper
describes the application of a water budget model on a monthly scale over a 6-year period, based on a conceptual hydrological
model, and considers different future scenarios after calibration to improve the understanding of the lake’s hydrological
functioning. Climatic variables from a nearby weather station and observational data (water-level evolution) were used to
develop the model. Comparison of measured and predicted values demonstrated that each model component provided a reasonable
output with a realistic interaction among the components. The model was then used to explore the potential consequences of
land-use changes. Irrigation of olive groves would significantly reduce both the hydroperiod (becoming dry 15% of the time)
and the average depth of the lake (water level <0.5 m 40% of the time). On the other hand, removal of an artificial overflow
would double the average flooded surface area during high-water periods. The simulated water balance demonstrates that the
catchment outputs are dominated by lake evaporation and surface outflow from the lake system to a creek. Discrepancies between
predicted and observed water levels identify key areas of uncertainty for future empirical research. The study provides an
improved basis for future hydrological management of the catchment and demonstrates the wider utility of this methodology
in simulating this kind of system. This methodology provides a realistic appraisal of potential land-use management practices
on a catchment-wide scale and allows predictions of the consequences of climate change. 相似文献
215.
Rittenour WR Park JH Cox-Ganser JM Beezhold DH Green BJ 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(3):766-774
Traditional methods of assessing fungal exposure have been confounded by a number of limiting variables. The recent utilization of molecular methods such as internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing of ribosomal RNA genes has provided improved insight into the diversity of fungal bioaerosols in indoor, outdoor and occupational environments. However, ITS analyses may also be confounded by a number of methodological limitations. In this study, we have optimized this technology for use in occupational or environmental studies. Three commonly used DNA extraction methodologies (UltraClean Soil kit, High Pure PCR Template kit, and EluQuik/DNeasy kit) were compared in terms of sensitivity and susceptibility to PCR inhibitors in dust for three common fungal bioaerosols, Aspergillus versicolor, Rhizopus microsporus and Wallemia sebi. Environmental dust samples were then studied using each extraction methodology and results were compared to viable culture data. The extraction methods differed in terms of their ability to efficiently extract DNA from particular species of fungi (e.g. Aspergillus versicolor). In addition, the ability to remove PCR inhibitors from dust samples was most effective using the soil DNA extraction kit. The species composition varied greatly between ITS clone libraries generated with the different DNA extraction kits. However, compared to viable culture data, ITS clone libraries included additional fungal species that are incapable of growth on solid culture medium. Collectively, our data indicated that DNA extraction methodologies used in ITS sequencing studies of occupational or environmental dust samples can greatly influence the fungal species that are detected. 相似文献
216.
D. J. Green H. L. Osmond M. C. Double A. Cockburn 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2000,48(6):438-446
Empirical and theoretical studies have only recently begun to examine how females use complex multi-component displays when
selecting mates. Superb fairy-wrens are well suited to the study of female choice because females have control over extra-group
paternity and cuckold their mates at high rates, while males possess a variety of sexually selected traits. Available evidence
suggests that females base their extra-group mate choice on the timing of male moult into breeding plumage or the onset of
display. However, males continue to perform elaborate displays throughout the season, and direct most displays to females
during their fertile period. We therefore conducted focal observations on fertile females to quantify the frequency of male
display and used microsatellite genotyping to compare the role of display rate during the breeding season and the timing of
male moult on female mate choice. We show that the addition of data on male display rate does not improve our ability to predict
which males obtain extra-group paternity. The timing of male moult into breeding plumage remains the only predictor of male
extra-group reproductive success. Nevertheless, we found that males displayed more to females that were unable to select extra-group
mates on the basis of the timing of moult or the onset of display. This raises the possibility that there are circumstances
when females use display rate to discriminate between potential extra-group sires. Overall this study supports the theoretical
prediction that females are more likely to base their mate choice on reliable indicators of male quality such as fixed morphological
traits and displays of endurance, in this case an early moult into breeding plumage and the performance of an elaborate display
during the winter, than a flexible behavioural trait such as display rate during the breeding season.
Received: 26 January 2000 / Revised: 1 August 2000 / Accepted: 26 August 2000 相似文献
217.
Raymond R. Gadomski Anthony V. Gimbrone William J. Green Robert J. Reitz Paul R. Eisaman John T. Dale 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):579-585
Data are reported on a number of controlled and uncontrolled sources from various metal decorating operations. Emission levels are related to process variables such as ink coverage, coater speed, sheet size, and applied coating film weight. Results are presented depicting variation of organic emission levels from a coating process line with elapsed process time. For controlled sources employing either catalytic or thermal incineration, conversion efficiencies are reported as a function of temperature. Operational curves are presented for each control system studied indicating the dependence of carbon dioxide, NOx, and organic output on incineration temperatures. 相似文献
218.
Hal B. H. Cooper Jr. William J. Green 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(5):545-548
Energy consumption requirements for air pollution control equipment were studied for varying removal efficiency levels at the Tyler Pipe Industries iron foundry in Tyler, Texas, based on plant fuel consumption data, and on field test measurements of cupola carbon monoxide and particulate control equipment. Natural gas consumption for CO removal increased from 0 in 1970 to 25.4% of the plant total in 1976. Operating costs to achieve 85% CO control increased from 0 in 1970 to $1.61/ton metal in 1976. Increasing cupola incinerator temperature from 800° to 1600° F increased CO removal efficiency from 60 to 97%, but also increased natural gas consumption by 150%. Electricity consumption requirements for 95% to 97% particulate control at the foundry increased from 0.1 % of plant total in 1970 to 18.7% in 1976. Electricity consumption for particulate controls increased plant operating costs from 0.004 in 1970 to 1.693 $/ton metal in 1976 as horsepower increased from 20 to 6,272. Cost-benefit methodology is needed to evaluate trade-offs between air pollution control, energy consumption requirements and operating costs of proposed regulations. Total air pollution control system must be considered in enforcing regulations instead of the source to be controlled alone for overall impacts. Need exists for process modifications to enhance energy recovery and development of energy-effective air pollution control equipment. 相似文献
219.
Alex E. S. Green J. M. Schwartz R. P. Singhal Wesley E. Bolch 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(8):822-825
A three-dimensional Joint frequency distribution (3DJFD) map of Florida is developed based upon wind rose data available for 10 cities. This map may be used in conjunction with the analytic polar coordinate Gaussian Plume Model or conventional dispersion models to calculate the approximate incremental pollution concentration contours associated with an emission source at any site in Florida. Possible means of generalizing the work to other geographic regions, to stack height altitudes, and to incorporate time dependence are discussed. 相似文献
220.
W.H. White E.S. Macias L.A. de P. Vasconcelos R.J. Farber V.A. Mirabella M.C. Green 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(5):599-602
ABSTRACT Emissions from distant source areas are often imagined to provide a steady background to the emissions of whatever local sources are being studied. As part of Project MOHAVE in summer 1992, several air mass markers and an injected stack tracer were measured hourly near the Grand Canyon. Observed haze events generally coincided with transients in methylchloroform and water vapor, which we interpret as endemic tags for air from southern California and the subtropics. The results depict a dynamic regional background. 相似文献