Atmospheric lead and bromine in Germany: post-abatement levels,variabilities and trends

INTENTION, GOAL, SCOPE, BACKGROUND: Abatement measures since the 1970s have depleted lead and bromine levels in the atmosphere over large parts of Europe. Our knowledge of the atmospheric cycling of these elements while a several decade-long period of intensive mobilization reaches its end is incomplete. OBJECTIVE: We have characterized the trends in the atmospheric levels of Pb and Br and present-day temporal and spatial variabilities. METHODS: This was achieved by short-term (weeks) and long-term (years) measurements of particulate Pb and Br at various sites in Germany. Samples of atmospheric particulate matter were collected on filter membranes and analyzed by x-ray fluorescence. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Average Pb levels at rural and urban inland sites did not exceed concentrations in background aerosols, sampled at a Baltic Sea coastal site, by more than a factor of 3. Due to sea salt, bromide inland particulate Br levels are below those at a coastal site. There, non-sea salt Br, however, is significant as well. Urban Pb and Br levels are not necessarily higher than rural levels. The concentration levels have decreased in such a way that the previously common source, local vehicular traffic emissions, is no longer predominant. Regional rather than local sources have been increasingly determining the concentrations since the 1990s. This is more pronounced for Br than for Pb. We found indications for coal burning and long-range transport as significant Pb sources. For particulate Pb species, a range of ages (elapsed time since Pb emission) has been found. This range shows two maxima corresponding to characteristic times of 72 and 24 h. CONCLUSIONS: The (mean) atmospheric residence time of particulate Pb is longer than the residence time of Br, in particular in the wintertime. The chemical species contributing to atmospheric Pb should be addressed in future studies. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: Clearly, despite effective abatement measures, atmospheric Pb will continue to be dominated by anthropogenic mobilization. The influence from long-range transport can be expected to decrease with the effectiveness of abatement programmes in neighbouring countries of the region.     

An evaluation of two fluorescence screening methods for the determination of chrysene metabolites in fish bile

Two screening methods, synchronous fluorescence spectrometry (SFS) and high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-F), have been evaluated for their suitability in determining chrysene metabolites in fish bile. The optimal wavelength pair, excitation/emission 272/374 nm, for SFS measurements of chrysene metabolites was identified by analysis of bile taken from fish exposed to the pure compound. This analysis revealed in addition some information about the metabolite pattern. However, when bile from fish exposed to complex and environmentally relevant mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was analysed using these methods, identification of the chrysene metabolites was poor. Analysis of bile taken from fish exposed to single PAHs identified other three- and four-ring aromatics as the main interfering compounds. Both methods were equally able to discriminate between impacted and reference sites by determination of relative concentrations of fluorescent three- and four-ring aromatics.     

Analyse von Quecksilber in Seeadlerfedern aus Mecklenburg-Vorpommern mit Hilfe der Hamburger Protonenmikrosonde

Zusammenfassung  Mit der Hamburger Protonenmikrosonde untersuchen wir den Quecksilbergehalt in Seeadlerfedern, die in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern über Jahrzehnte gesammelt wurden. Anhand der Fundorte und Funddaten ist es m?glich, ein zeitliches und regional differenziertes Bild der Quecksilberbelastung, die vorwiegend durch Hg-halrige Saargutbeizen in der Landwirtschaft verursacht wurden, zu erstellen. Wir vergleichen die gefundenen Konzentrationen mit der ‘geogenen’ Grundbelastung, die an Federproben des vorigen Jahrhunderts von Museumstieren ermittelt wurde.