河流重金属污染底泥的稳定化实验研究

以实现河道疏浚底泥中富含的重金属Cu、Zn、Ni的稳定化为目标,选用EDTA、DTCR、Na2S、Na2S2O3、膨润土、水泥及自主研发的特殊胶凝材料作为稳定剂,对底泥中的重金属进行固化稳定,通过分析稳定后重金属浸出液浓度及赋存形态变化,探讨各药剂稳定效果,并寻求稳定剂的最佳投加量.研究表明,7种稳定剂对3种重金属的综合稳定化效果由好到差依次为:水泥> 胶凝材料> 膨润土> DTCR> 硫化钠> 硫代硫酸钠> EDTA;对Cu、Zn、Ni单种重金属而言,稳定效果最好的药剂分别为膨润土、胶凝材料及DTCR,而EDTA则使重金属浸出液浓度升高.除EDTA外,其他药剂对重金属Cu和Zn的稳定效果要明显优于Ni.根据稳定后重金属赋存形态变化结果,EDTA可使重金属可交换态比例升高,而膨润土对重金属4种形态分布基本无影响,其他药剂使重金属可交换态比例降低.     

高效液相色谱法测定水中的六种邻苯二甲酸酯研究

建立了高效液相色谱法测定水中六种邻苯二甲酸酯(邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻笨二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯)的检测方法.对水样中邻苯二甲酸酯的萃取条件和高效液相色谱分析条件进行优化,采用正己烷二次萃取,浓缩定容后分析,以乙腈-水为流动相梯度洗脱,紫外检测波长226 nm,16 min可将六种邻苯二甲酸酯分离出.方法的检出限为0.13μg/L ～0.37 μg/L,加标回收率为78.6％～118.5％,相对标准偏差为0.82％～2.17％,是一种理想的测定水中六种邻苯二甲酸酯的方法.     

沸石对降雨径流中氨氮的吸附特性

城市面源污染是重要水体污染源之一,降雨发生时,雨水径流会携带累积在路面、屋面的含有机物、氮磷、重金属等污染物质进入水体,其中氮磷是造成水体富营养化的重要因素。针对这一情况,采用不同种类沸石,对雨水径流中的氮磷进行了吸附研究,着重考察了沸石对氨氮的吸附动力学,吸附等温线特征,并考察了pH、共存阳离子以及COD对吸附能力的影响。结果表明,Na型改性沸石吸附性能优于其他2种,饱和吸附量达到9.09 mg/g,沸石的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型。Mg2+、Ca2+对Na型改性沸石的影响较大,Na型改性沸石吸附氨氮的适宜pH为5~8。本研究为探索用物化方法来处理雨水提供了依据,Na型改性沸石可以作为吸附雨水中氨氮的优选吸附剂。     

层状氢氧化镁铝对偶氮染料酸性黑10B的脱色性能研究

分别用层状氢氧化镁铝(LDH)和焙烧层状氢氧化镁铝(CLDH)作为吸附剂吸附脱除水溶液中偶氮染料酸性黑10B.考察了脱色时间、pH值、吸附剂的投加量、温度、染料初始浓度和焙烧温度等因素对脱色率的影响.结果表明,LDH及CLDH对酸性黑10B染料具有良好的脱除效果,室温下,10g/L LDH和1g/L的CLDH对浓度为100mg/L的染料的脱色率分别达95.93%和99.97%.pH值是影响吸附能力的关键因素,吸附剂对溶液pH值有一定缓冲作用.LDH及CLDH对酸性黑10B吸附结果符合Langmuir吸附等温式.饱和吸附后的LDH及CLDH用高温热解法再生,吸附性能良好,随再生次数增多,脱色率下降.     

氧化铁改性砂联合生物预处理对氨氮的吸附特性

对含氨氮(NH3-N)的微污染原水,采用自制氧化铁改性石英砂(iron oxide coated sand,IOCS)滤料强化过滤与生物预处理技术联合,进行强化处理与吸附效果研究.结果表明,采用强化挂膜法,生物预处理反应器的生物膜成熟期约为7 d,其对氨氮的去除率为60%~70%,但反应器中存在亚硝酸盐氮积累的现象.IOCS与生物预处理技术联合,对NH3-N的平均去除率为84.67%,出水NH3-N浓度均低于0.5 mg/L,NO2--N含量趋于0;而普通石英砂(RQS)在同等条件下,对氨氮的去除效果不稳定,平均去除率为74.31%,出水NH3-N平均浓度未达标,对NO2--N平均去除率仅有33.29%.在4 m/h滤速工况下,与生物预处理技术联合,IOCS和RQS对NH3-N最高去除率分别为94.3%和82.72%.IOCS与RQS的表面形态结构存在明显差异:前者的表面结构更加复杂多孔,比表面积大,有利于生物牢固附着;后者表面较光滑,比表面积小,挂膜后生物易脱落.     

GO-TiO2改性中空纤维膜的制备条件及抗污染性能研究

以氧化石墨烯(GO)与纳米二氧化钛(TiO_2)为改性剂,采用界面聚合法与抽滤吸附结合,对聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维超滤膜(简称原膜)进行表面改性,得到新型纳米改性膜(简称GO-TiO_2改性膜).研究改性膜的制备工艺条件及其对腐殖酸(HA)的吸附截留性能与抗污染特性.结果表明:(1)最佳制备工艺条件为:钛酸丁酯2 m L、GO 1 mg、间苯二胺1%(质量分数)、间苯二胺浸泡时间8 min、均苯三甲酰氯0.2%(质量分数)、均苯三甲酰氯浸泡时间10 min;(2)亲水性提高显著,亲水性表面为GO-聚酰胺-TiO_2复合结构,改性膜接触角由80.6°±1.8°下降到38.6°±1.2°;(3)抗污染性能提高明显.改性膜通量总衰减率由改性前的51.2%下降到35.6%,过滤周期约为原膜的2.5倍;反冲洗后膜通量恢复率由69%提高到96%.     

山西工矿区土壤SO2-PAHs复合污染对玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

二氧化硫(Sulfur dioxide,SO2)和多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)是山西工矿区同时发现的两种典型环境污染物,对区域土壤环境的影响极大.本文以山西工矿区生黄土为供试土壤,以玉米种子为供试作物,采用室内培养皿育苗试验,研究了不同浓度的SO2(0、10、100、500、1 000 mg kg-1)与PAHs(0、1、10、50、100 mgkg-1)单一及复合污染对玉米种子的萌发率、苗期株高、根长和总生物量的影响,以表征SO2与PAHs复合污染的生态毒性.结果表明,与对照相比,SO2单一污染对玉米种子萌发起到促进作用,对玉米苗期株高、根伸长及早期总生物量则是低浓度(10-100 mg kg-1)促进生长,高浓度(500-1 000 mg kg-1)抑制生长;PAHs单一污染对玉米种子的萌发没有明显的影响,对玉米苗期株高、根伸长及总生物量也是低浓度(1-10 mg kg-1)促进生长,高浓度(50-100 mg kg-1)抑制生长;SO2-PAHs复合污染条件下,只有高浓度的复合污染处理对玉米种子萌发起抑制作用,但与对照相比没有显著性差异;低浓度的SO2与低浓度的PAHs处理对玉米株高、根伸长及总生物量有一定的刺激作用,而高浓度的SO2与高浓度的PAHs处理则抑制了玉米的生长,即随着SO2和PAHs浓度的升高,复合污染的毒性逐渐增强.多元回归分析进一步表明,玉米株高和根伸长主要受SO2和PAHs的共同影响,而玉米苗期总生物量主要受PAHs的影响.     

Effects of water velocity on bulk water quality and biofilm population structure in drinking water distribution systems北大核心CSCD

To study the effect of flow velocity on drinking water distribution systems, bulk water quality was monitored over 28 days, biomass was measured, and 16S rDNA was sequenced on the 28th day using a water distribution simulation system. The relationship between bulk water quality and biofilm was statistically analyzed. Flow velocity of 0.5 m/s yielded the most total organic carbon (TOC) (5.26 ± 0.17 mg/L) in the bulk water, the most bulk water bacteria (lg (n+1/mL-1) = 4.79 ± 0.02), the worst bulk water quality, and the most biofilm bacteria (lg (n+1/cm-2) = 5.48 ± 0.06). A Pearson correlation analysis showed the total number of biofilm bacteria was positively correlated with conductivity (R = 0.73, P < 0.01), turbidity (R = 0.87, P < 0.001), TOC (R = 0.94, P < 0.001), and total bacteria (R = 0.92, P < 0.001), and was negatively correlated with residual chlorine (R = -0.68, P < 0.05). Biofilm diversity was high under the low (0.1 m/s) and high (2.5 m/s) flow rates, but the bacterial diversity of biofilm was the lowest at the 0.5 m/s flow rate, in which Proteobacteria dominated the biofilm community structure. These results suggest that flow velocity affects bulk water quality and biofilm population structure, and water quality and biofilm population structure are interrelated, which provides the theoretical basis for research on biofilms in drinking water distribution systems. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Diffusion pollution from livestock and poultry rearing in the Yangtze Delta,China

BACKGROUND: The Yangtze Delta is one of the most developed regions in China and includes Shanghai, eight cities in Jiangsu province and eight cities in Zhejiang province. Meat consumption in this region has increased with economic growth, and most of the consumed meat is produced locally. The water quality of surface waters has deteriorated in recent years. An example was the huge blue-green algae bloom in Tai Lake in late May 2007, which affected millions of people's daily drinking water. However, animal husbandry is considered to be one of the main pollution sources. METHODS: Pollutants (NH3-N, total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN)) excreted by livestock and poultry, and the resultant COD (chemical oxygen demand) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), were estimated using two different methods based on different data sets. RESULTS: The number of livestock and poultry has remained stable in the Yangtze Delta over the four years from 1999 to 2002, with the average number of pigs, cattle, sheep and poultry being 21.1 M, 0.4 M, 7.7 M and 597.6 M, respectively. Pollutants in livestock and poultry excreta estimated by Method I were: 0.12 Mt NH3-N, 0.11 Mt TP and 0.29 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.34 Mt and 1.30 Mt, respectively, while the estimations based on Method II were: 0.18 Mt NH3-N, 0.15 Mt TP and 0.40 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.95 Mt and 1.80 Mt, respectively. DISCUSSION: Pollutants excreted annually by livestock and poultry in the Yangtze Delta are estimated to be: 0.17 Mt NH3-N, 0.16 Mt TP and 0.42 Mt TN, giving rise to a COD of 1.86 Mt and a BOD of 1.72 Mt. Approximately 25% of this pollution was estimated to enter water bodies, which means that the annual pollutant load is 43,700 t NH3-N, 39,400 tTP, 104,600t TN with a COD of 465,000 tand a BOD of 430,100 t. Pollutants from animal husbandry were similar in magnitude to those from industrial wastewater. Pigs produced the most pollution, followed by poultry, cattle and sheep. The pollution load from animal husbandry in the Yangtze Delta is about twice the average level of the whole of China. CONCLUSIONS: Domestic wastewater was the main pollution source in the Yangtze Delta, followed by pollution from raising livestock and poultry and from industrial wastewater. The pollution load in Shanghai and Jiaxing were the greatest, followed by 7 cities of Jiangsu province (except Suzhou) and other cities of Zhejiang province and Suzhou. Pigs and poultry produced about 90% of the total pollutants from animal husbandry. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The local governments, especially in Shanghai and Jiaxing, should focus their attention on the pollution produced by livestock and poulrry. Controlling pollution from pigs and poultry will have the greatest impact in this region. Control of pollution will be facilitated by the development of large-scale livestock and poultry farming units and a shift away from small scale husbandry.     

Functionally relevant microorganisms to enhanced biological phosphorus removal performance at full-scale wastewater treatment plants in the United States

The abundance and relevance ofAccumulibacter phosphatis (presumed to be polyphosphate-accumulating organisms [PAOs]), Competibacter phosphatis (presumed to be glycogen-accumulating organisms [GAOs]), and tetrad-forming organisms (TFOs) to phosphorus removal performance at six full-scale enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) wastewater treatment plants were investigated. Coexistence of various levels of candidate PAOs and GAOs were found at these facilities. Accumulibacter were found to be 5 to 20% of the total bacterial population, and Competibacter were 0 to 20% of the total bacteria population. The TFO abundance varied from nondetectable to dominant. Anaerobic phosphorus (P) release to acetate uptake ratios (P(rel)/HAc(up)) obtained from bench tests were correlated positively with the abundance ratio of Accumulibacter/(Competibacter +TFOs) and negatively with the abundance of (Competibacter +TFOs) for all plants except one, suggesting the relevance of these candidate organisms to EBPR processes. However, effluent phosphorus concentration, amount of phosphorus removed, and process stability in an EBPR system were not directly related to high PAO abundance or mutually exclusive with a high GAO fraction. The plant that had the lowest average effluent phosphorus and highest stability rating had the lowest P(rel)/HAc(up) and the most TFOs. Evaluation of full-scale EBPR performance data indicated that low effluent phosphorus concentration and high process stability are positively correlated with the influent readily biodegradable chemical oxygen demand-to-phosphorus ratio. A system-level carbon-distribution-based conceptual model is proposed for capturing the dynamic competition between PAOs and GAOs and their effect on an EBPR process, and the results from this study seem to support the model hypothesis.