杭州地区大气气溶胶中重金属含量特征研究

对2004年8月～2005年5月间在杭州城区采集的大气气溶胶样品进行了7种重金属元素组成、形态等方面的分析测定;总结了大气气溶胶中各金属元素浓度的季节变化、形态分配比例和影响因素。研究结果表明：杭州市大气气溶胶浓度较高,平均值0.264 mg/m^3。气溶胶质量浓度呈明显的季节变化;气溶胶中各重金属元素的含量水平由高到低依次为：Fe、Zn、Pb、Mn、Cu、Cr和Cd;杭州市大气气溶胶中各重金属元素含量的季节变化在人为源和天然源以及气候条件等综合作用下具有一定的规律性,总体而言,春秋季高于夏冬季;各元素的形态分配比例跟它们本身的环境地球化学性质密切相关,同时也会受到气象和人为因素的影响。     

Diurnal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with PM2:5 in Shanghai, China

Forty-eight daily time interval PM2:5 samples were collected from December 2006 to January 2008 in an urban site in Shanghai, China. Concentrations and compositions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed with GC-MS to study the diurnal and seasonal variations and to identify the main emitting sources. The diurnal variation of the PAHs concentrations was greater in the late autumn and winter sampling days, and was greatly influenced by meteorological conditions such as wind speed and ambient temperature. The concentration of PAHs in the mornings (6:30–10:00) increased distinctly, and was high in the late autumn and winter sampling days, indicating the contribution from vehicle emissions during rush hours. The diurnal variation of the high molecular weight PAHs did not seem to be controlled by the shift of gas-particle partitioning due to temperature variation, instead, it could be indicative of the variation in the source. Statistical analyses showed that the concentrations of PAHs were negatively correlated with temperature and wind speed, and positively correlated with relative humidity. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs suggested mixed emission sources of petroleum and coal/biomass combustion for PAHs in the PM2:5 in Shanghai.     

Composition, source, mass closure of PM2:5 aerosols for four forests in eastern China

PM2.5 aerosols were collected in forests along north latitude in boreal-temperate, temperate, subtropical and tropical climatic zones in eastern China, i.e., Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve (CB), Dongping National Forest Park in Chongming Island (CM), Dinghu Mountain Nature Reserve (DH), Jianfengling Nature Reserve in Hainan Island (HN). The mass concentrations of PM2.5, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) as well as concentrations of ten inorganic ions (F-, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, C2O42-, NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) were determined. Aerosol chemical mass closures were achieved. The 24-hr average concentrations of PM2.5 were 38.8, 89.2, 30.4, 18 μg/m3 at CB, CM, DH and HN, respectively. Organic matter and EC accounted for 21%-33% and 1.3%-2.3% of PM2.5 mass, respectively. The sum of three dominant secondary ions (SO42-, NO3-, NH4+) accounted for 44%, 50%, 45% and 16% of local PM2.5 mass at CB, CM, DH and HN, respectively. WSOC comprised 35%-65% of OC. The sources of PM2.5 include especially important regional anthropogenic pollutions at Chinese forest areas.     

Assessing the impact of fungicide enostroburin application on bacterial community in wheat phyllosphere

Fungicides have been used extensively for controlling fungal pathogens of plants. However, little is known regarding the effects that fungicides upon the indigenous bacterial communities within the plant phyllosphere. The aims of this study were to assess the impact of fungicide enostroburin upon bacterial communities in wheat phyllosphere. Culture-independent methodologies of 16S rDNA clone library and 16S rDNA directed polymerase chain reaction with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) were used for monitoring the change of bacterial community. The 16S rDNA clone library and PCR-DGGE analysis both confirmed the microbial community of wheat plant phyllosphere were predominantly of the γ-Proteobacteria phyla. Results from PCR-DGGE analysis indicated a significant change in bacterial community structure within the phyllosphere following fungicide enostroburin application. Bands sequenced within control cultures were predominantly of Pseudomonas genus, but those bands sequenced in the treated samples were predominantly strains of Pantoea genus and Pseudomonas genus. Of interest was the appearance of two DGGE bands following fungicide treatment, one of which had sequence similarities (98%) to Pantoea sp. which might be a competitor of plant pathogens. This study revealed the wheat phyllosphere bacterial community composition and a shift in the bacterial community following fungicide enostroburin application.     

Surface properties of bacteria from activated sludge in relation to bioflocculation

Two bacterial stains were isolated from the activated sludge and identified as Leucobacter sp.and Alcaligenes faecalis by 16S rDNA sequencing.Pure cultures of these two strains,representing well or poorly settled bacteria,were used to investigate the mechanism of bioflocculation in activated sludge.Based on the analyses of the characteristics of cells hydrophobicity,ζ-potential,flocculation ability and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) composition under different growth stages,it was found that the ratio of cell EPS protein had the highly influence on ζ-potential and hydrophobicity,which were important factors to bioflocculation.Cellulase and Proteinase K could destroy the extracellular biopolymer and resulted in a decrease in the hydrophobicity and ζ-potential.However,in our study,the flocculation characteristics exhibited differently in relation to cellulase and Proteinase K.Flocculation of cells treated with cellulase and Proteinase K decreased sharply,and then recovered quickly in cellulase treatment,while cells treated with Proteinase K showed no sign of recovery.This reveals that the presence of protein in extracellular biopolymer plays an important role to the bioflocculation of cells.     

Activated sludge-mediated biodegradation of dimethyl phthalate under fermentative conditions

The biodegradation of dimethyl phthalate(DMP)was investigated under fermentative conditions in this study.The nature of the intermediate compounds and the extent of mineralization were probed using high-pressure liquid chromatography(HPLC)and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)methods.The fermentative bacteria were able to biodegrade the DMP under anaerobic conditions,with the biodegradation rate of 0.36 mg DMP/(L·h).The results demonstrated that the DMP degradation under fermentative conditio...     

优化CFB锅炉运行降低烟气SO2排放浓度

介绍了茂名石化2台410 t/h CFB锅炉烟气脱硫的基本情况,分析了影响脱硫效果的主要因素,针对存在问题分析探讨对策措施,寻找最佳运行环境和工艺参数,实现烟气SO2达标排放.     

火灾爆炸危险指数法在油库风险评价中的应用

油库由于储存物料的易燃易爆等特性,一般构成重大危险源,易于发生火灾爆炸事故,采用美国道化学公司的火灾爆炸危险指数法（FEI）,对油库火灾爆炸事故的危险性进行定量分析,计算火灾、爆炸危险指数（F＆EI）,确定油库火灾爆炸事故的影响范围,并针对事故影响范围内的设施制定防范措施,给出安全措施补偿系数,经安全措施补偿后,火灾、爆炸危险指数（F＆EI）减少,事故危险等级降低,事故影响范围缩小,为油库工程的风险管理提供理论依据。