Sorption of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) by clays and organoclays

This study focused on the sorption isotherms of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (p,p'-DDT) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (p,p'-DDE) on different original clays (i.e., zeolite, montmorillonite and attapulgite) and organoclay complexes. Sorption of organic pollutants was determined using gas chromatographic (GC) techniques to investigate the sorption behavior, and characterize the effect of, different organic cations. The original clays only sorbed low amounts of p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE, and the sorptive curves can be classified as L-shaped. Organoclays exhibited higher amounts of p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE sorption. The p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE sorption increased with increasing total organic carbon (OC) content of the organoclays. For hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA)-modified organoclays, the dominant adsorptive medium showed the partitioning sorption of hydrophobic-hydrophobic interaction, indicating no competitive sorption. The sorptive curves can be classified as C-shaped of constant partition (CP). However, benzyltrimethylammonium (BTMA)-modified organoclays exhibited competitive sorption. The sorption isotherm curves can be classified as S-shaped. The sorptive capacity of the HDTMA-modified organoclays for p,p'-DDT were higher than those for p,p'-DDE, but the BTMA-modified organoclays showed a reverse trend. This can be attributed to the different structures and shapes of organic cations, giving different sorptive mechanisms. The p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE sorption onto HDTMA-modified organoclays were caused by chemical interaction, with the BTMA modified organoclays occuring due to physical sorption.     

Persistence and dissipation of synthetic pyrethroid pesticides in red soils from the Yangtze River Delta area

Laboratory incubation trials were conducted to investigate the effects of several factors on the persistence as well as the dissipation of three synthetic pyrethroid pesticides in red soils obtained from the Yangtze River Delta region in China. The pyrethroids selected for investigation were cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin, which continue to be used extensively to control pests on farmland in the region despite the concern that they are highly toxic to certain vertebrate and mammalian species. Data from this exploratory study showed that the dissipation half-lives (T _1/2) tended to correlate with soil pH and soil organic matter contents, but not with soil cation-exchange capacity. The T _1/2 values were seen to be shorter in soil samples fertilized with glucose than without. The rates of pyrethroid dissipation also tended to increase with increasing initial soil concentration, but were largely unaffected by whether the pesticides were present in the soil separately or as a mixture. Another noteworthy observation is that microbial activity appeared to dominate the degradation process. Findings of this type could offer valuable clues for future research directions in reducing pesticide persistence in soil, which in turn could lead to the ultimate reduction of environmental pollution caused by pyrethroid application to farmland in the region. Project supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences (Project No. KSCX2-YW-N-038) and the National Key Basic Research Support Foundation (973), China (No. 2002CB4108010).     

不同生境条件下苦槠丛枝菌根对根际土壤磷酸酶活性的影响

以浙江千岛湖和宁波天童两个不同区域内的苦储(Castanopsis sclerophytta)为材料,对处于不同生境条件下的苦槠丛枝菌根(AM)进行了研究.结果表明:两地区土壤pH均处于苦储丛枝菌根生长发育的最适范围内,丛枝菌根的侵染率无明显差异;酸性磷酸酶为两区域内的主导磷酸酶,各种磷酸酶活性均是天童地区高于千岛湖地区;AM侵染率与根际土壤磷酸酶活性之间均呈现正相关,其中天童地区为显著相关,说明AM侵染率对根际土壤磷酸酶活性在某种程度上存在有一定的影响.     

活性炭纤维及其在环境保护领域中的应用

活性炭纤维 (ACF)是一种新型高效吸附剂 ,与颗粒活性炭 (GAC)相比 ,它具有比表面积大 ,吸附速度快 ,吸附容量大等等特点。本文介绍了活性炭纤维的主要性能和它在环境领域中的应用研究。     

无机离子SO42-对小麦幼苗积累稀土的影响

采用ＭＩＮＴＥＱＡ 程序计算出在无机离子SO₄^2-存在下,轻（Ｌａ）、中（Ｇｄ）、重（Ｙ）３ 种稀土元素在溶液中的形态分布．研究了在水培条件下ＳＯSO₄^2-对３种稀土元素在小麦幼苗根、茎和叶部的积累规律．热力学实验表明,小麦幼苗在加SO₄^2-的稀土元素溶液中培养３０ｄ 后,小麦根部对Ｌａ、Ｇｄ 的积累受抑制,而对Ｙ的积累却明显提高;加入SO₄^2-后茎叶部对Ｌａ、Ｙ积累值改变不明显,但对Ｇｄ的积累有所增加．生长动态实验表明,在SO₄^2-存在下,小麦幼苗根部对稀土的积累随时间增加而增加,其积累值符合线性递增函数方程,相关系数ｒ＞ ０．９４;而茎叶部最初积累能力较强,SO₄^2-的加入对小麦植株动态吸收稀土规律无明显影响．     

Effects of individual ozone exposure on lung function in the elderly: a cross-sectional study in China

The aim of this study was to assess the acute health effects of individual ozone (O₃) exposure on the respiratory system in the elderly. A total of 40 non-smoking elderly volunteers completed personal 24 h of measurement for O₃ and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5). To assess health effects, we measured the pulmonary function and five inflammatory biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC), including interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), and tumor necrosis factor α/β (TNFα/β). We used the generalized additive model to analyze the association between O₃ and these health effects, after adjusting PM_2.5, BMI, and sex as confounders. As a result, we found a negative correlation between O₃ and forced vital capacity (FVC) or forced expiratory volume-one second (FEV1). With the increasing of O₃ by 10 μg/m³, FVC and FEV1 decreased by 0.13 L (95% CI 0.01, 0.26) and 0.11 L (95% CI 0.02, 0.20), respectively. We found no statistical significance between O₃ and biomarkers in EBC. The results suggested that individual 24-h O₃ exposure was associated with decreased pulmonary function in the elderly.

     

Bio-beads with immobilized anaerobic bacteria,zero-valent iron,and active carbon for the removal of trichloroethane from groundwater

Chlorinated hydrocarbons are the most common organic pollutants in groundwater systems worldwide. In this study, we developed bio-beads with immobilized anaerobic bacteria, zero-valent iron (ZVI), and activated carbon (AC) powder and evaluated their efficacy in removing 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) from groundwater. Bio-beads were produced by polyvinyl alcohol, alginate, and AC powder. We found that the concentration of AC powder used significantly affected the mechanical properties of immobilized bio-beads and that 1.0 % (w/v) was the optimal concentration. The bio-beads effectively degraded TCA (160 mg L^?1) in the anaerobic medium and could be reused up to six times. The TCA degradation rate of bio-beads was 1.5 and 2.3 times greater, respectively, than ZVI + AC treatment or microbes + AC treatment. Measuring FeS produced by microbial reactions indicated that TCA removal occurred via FeS-catalyzed dechlorination. Analysis of clonal libraries derived from bio-beads demonstrated that the dominant species in the community were Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria, which may contribute to the long-term stability of ZVI reactivity during TCA dechlorination. This study shows that the combined use of immobilized anaerobic bacteria, ZVI, and AC in bio-beads is effective and practical for TCA dechlorination and suggests they may be applicable towards developing a groundwater treatment system for the removal of TCA.     

以PEG为模板剂制备Bi2O2CO3及其可见光光催化性能

以聚乙二醇-6000（PEG-6000）为模板剂水热法制备碳酸氧铋（p-Bi2O2CO3）粉末,采用x射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和紫外可见漫反射（DRS）对粉末进行了初步表征。在可见光（λ≥420nm）照射下,以罗丹明B（RbB）和水杨酸（SA）光催化降解实验为探针反应,实验结果表明,p-Bi2O2CO3具有较高的光催化活性,对RhB和SA有较好的降解效果。通过紫外-可见光谱（uV-Vis）、红外光谱（IR）和测定总有机碳（TOC）含量,光催化反应35h后RhB的矿化率为77％,同时对SA的降解率达到43％。同时,采用N,N-二乙基对苯二胺（DPD）分光光度法和对苯二甲酸荧光光度法分别测定了降解过程中H2O2和羟基自由基（·OH）的变化,表明p-Bi2O2CO3／Vis光催化降解机理涉及到·OH历程。     

一株产微生物絮凝剂新菌种的鉴定及功能特性

从新疆荒漠土壤中分离筛选絮凝剂产生菌,得到一株对高岭土悬浊液具有较高絮凝活性的微生物絮凝剂产生菌W36-1,根据菌株的Biolog鉴定以及16S rRNA基因序列分析,确定为一株欧文氏菌属(Erwinia)新种。该菌絮凝产物的发酵动力学研究表明,其属于II型发酵,即菌体生长和产物合成部分偶联;在发酵48 h后絮凝活性最高,产量可达到6 g/L;絮凝特性研究表明,在20~100℃范围内有较高的温度稳定性;在酸性环境条件下有较高的絮凝活性,pH值大于7,絮凝活性迅速下降;一些金属阳离子对絮凝有促进作用,其中,Ca2+的助凝效果最好,Mg2+次之,Al3+和Fe3+的助凝效果最差。该絮凝剂对水中各种重金属离子和色素具有较好的吸附去除作用,显示出其在环境工程中良好的应用前景。     

Evaluation and application of blast furnace slag as a mud cake modifier

The aim of this research was to reuse blast furnace slag (BFS) as a mud cake modifier (MCM) to improve the annular isolation quality in oil and gas wells. For the optimum formula of drilling fluid, the effects of MCM on the drilling fluid rheology were investigated. The relationship between the MCM addition and shear strength at cement–formation interface (SSCFI) was evaluated. The experimental results showed that the optimized formula of the drilling fluid has 1.0 wt% MCM and 0.5 wt% XY-27. The simulation results showed that SSCFI increased significantly with the addition of MCM. Based on the mechanism analysis of BFS as an MCM to improve SSCFI, it is found that the transformation of mud cake to agglomerated cake can be the main reason. The application results showed that the success rate of five wells reached 100%, and the rate of quality in cement was 100%. Especially, the average high quality rate of five wells reached 83.7%. Compared with conventional methods, the average high quality rate is increased by 32.6% points. This research provides a new way for sustainable utilization of BFS.