防静电无尘服装热湿舒适性研究

本文对舒适状态下的人体的透气透湿要求进行了分析,并且对日前国内外市场上常见的几种典型的防静电织物的透湿透气性能进行了研究。通过研究发现,目前很多防静电无尘织物的透气透湿性能都存在问题。针对这种现状,本文提出一些在不影响防静电无尘织物功能性的前提下织物结构改进的措施。     

Differences in uptake and translocation of selenate and selenite by the weeping willow and hybrid willow

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: Due to its essentiality, deficiency, and toxicity to living organisms and the extensive use in industrial activities, selenium (Se) has become an element of global environmental and health concern. Se removal from contaminated sites using physical, chemical, and engineering techniques is quite complicated and expensive. The goal of this study was to investigate uptake and translocation of Se in willows and to provide quantitative information for field application whether Se phytoremediation is feasible and ecologically safe. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Intact pre-rooted plants of hybrid willows (Salix matsudana Koidz x alba L.) and weeping willows (Salix babylonica L.) were grown hydroponically and treated with selenite or selenate at 24.0 +/- 1 degrees C for 144 h. Removal of leaves was also performed as a treatment to quantify the effect of transpiration on translocation and volatilization of Se. At the end of the study, total Se in the hydroponic solution and in different parts of plant tissues was analyzed quantitatively by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The capacity of willows to assimilate both chemical forms of Se was also evaluated using detached leaves and roots in sealed glass vessels in vivo. Translocation efficiency of Se in both plants was estimated. RESULTS: Significant amounts of the applied selenite and selenate were eliminated from plant growth media by willows during the period of incubation. Both willows showed a significantly higher removal rate for selenate than for selenite (p < 0.05). Substantial differences existed in the distribution of both chemical forms of Se in plant materials: lower stems and roots were the major sites for accumulation of selenite and selenate, respectively. Translocation efficiency for selenite was significantly higher than that for selenate in both willow species (p < 0.01). Compared to the intact trees, remarkable decrease in the removal rate of both chemical forms of Se was found for willows without any leaves (p < 0.01). Volatilization of Se by plant leaves was estimated to be approximately 10% of the total applied selenite or selenate. Significant reduction (>20%) of selenate was observed in the sealed vessel with excised roots of willows, whereas trace amounts of selenite were eliminated from the hydroponic solution in the presence of roots. Detached leaves from neither of them reduced the concentration of selenite or selenate in the solution. DISCUSSION: Due to the significant difference in the removal rate and the distribution of the two chemical forms of Se in plant materials, the conversion of selenate to selenite in hydroponic solution prior to uptake and within plant tissues is unlikely. An independent uptake and translocation mechanisms are likely to exist for each Se chemical species. Uptake of selenate is mediated possibly through an active transport mechanism, whereas that of selenite may possibly depend on plant transpiration. Uptake velocities of selenite are linear (zero-order kinetics), while selenate removal processes obey first-order kinetics. In experiments with detached leaves in closed bottles, the cuticle of leaves was the major obstacle to extract both chemical forms of Se from the hydroponic solution. Phytovolatilization is a biological process playing an important role in Se removal. CONCLUSIONS: Although faster removal rates of selenate than selenite from plant growth media were observed by both willow species, selenite in plant materials was more mobile than selenate. Significant decrease in removal rates of both chemical forms of Se was detected for willows without any leaves. Significant differences in extraction, assimilation and transport pathways for selenite and selenate exist in willow trees. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Phytoremediation of Se is an attractive approach of cleaning up Se contaminated environmental sites. More detailed investigation on the assimilation of Se in plant roots and transport in tissues will provide further biochemical evidence to explain the differences in uptake and translocation mechanisms between selenite and selenate in willows. A relevant phytoremediation scheme can then be designed to clean up Se contaminated sites. Willows show a great potential for uptake, assimilation and translocation of both selenite and selenate. Phytotreatment of Se is potentially an efficient and practical technology for cleaning up contaminated environmental sites.     

光催化三维蜂窝陶瓷网净化室内空气的研究

先制备钛酸溶胶和掺杂Fe3 的钛酸溶胶,用溶胶-凝胶法分别将其负载于具有一定厚度的矩形蜂窝陶瓷三维网载体上,再用程序升温法煅烧.得到复合纳米TiO2光催化三维蜂窝陶瓷网.经扫描电镜(SEM)测定,三维蜂窝陶瓷网体上负载膜的厚度为300～400 nm,TiO2的粒径为15～20 nm.将光催化三维蜂窝陶瓷网置于光处理箱体内,在紫外光强、循环风量一定的条件下,对容积为72.6 m3和81.4 m3房间进行空气净化.结果表明,无论掺Fe3 与否的TiO2光催化三维蜂窝陶瓷网都有净化效果,其中以掺Fe3 的效果最好:当甲醛起始浓度为0.404 mg/m3,18 h的去除率为99.5%;当起始细菌总数为924 cfu/m3,24 h后的灭菌率为99.5%.     

生活污水中蛋白质测试方法研究

分别用Folin-酚改进法、考马斯亮兰法和紫外分光光度法等3种测试方法测试了上海市某小区生活污水中的蛋白质含量,对这3种测试方法进行了比较,并采用氨基酸仪分析了生活污水中蛋白质水解后的氨基酸化学组成.试验结果表明,Folin-酚改进法测试蛋白质浓度的准确性与精确性优于考马斯亮兰法和紫外分光光度法,可用于测定生活污水中蛋白质的浓度;氨基酸仪法测得该生活污水中含有17种氨基酸,其中最多的为谷氨酸(3.6 mg/L),含量最低的是脯氨酸(0.8 mg/L);所测生活污水中蛋白质COD占总COD的18.9%.     

回用炼油净化水结垢原因分析

针对炼油净化水回用过程中加入缓蚀剂结垢的问题,采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线荧光光谱仪等对净化水及垢样进行了详细的组成分析,并考察了净化水pH对净化水加缓蚀剂前后浊度的影响。实验结果表明,炼油净化水加缓蚀剂后的垢样主要成分为含硫物质,缓蚀剂在酸性环境下不稳定,会歧化分解成不溶于水的胶体状单质S,酸性越强,缓蚀剂分解越明显。净化水中的酸性物质是加入缓蚀剂后使净化水结垢的主要因素,而净化水中的酸性物质来源于NH4^＋的水解和水中的酚类物质。     

硫酸盐还原作用对废水厌氧处理的影响

采用半连续流运行方式研究了硫酸盐还原作用对废水厌氧处理的影响。试验结果表明:当温度为35℃,pH为7.2～7.4时,进水COD/SO42-≥10,硫酸盐还原作用不致于对产甲烷菌产生严重抑制;进水COD/SO42-≥5,反应器能承受的COD负荷小于2.05kg/ (m3·d),超过这一负荷,反应器会发生严重抑制;进水COD/SO42-≥2,反应器能承受的COD负荷小于1.0kg/(m3·d)。进水COD/SO42-比值越小,反应器能承受的COD负荷越低。反应器污泥浓度高有利于硫酸盐废水的处理。      

氨法烟气脱硫技术的工艺研究

采用亚硫酸铵作为吸收剂,对模拟烟气进行氨法烟气脱硫实验。考察了进口烟气温度、吸收液pH值、吸收液浓度、液气比对脱硫效率的影响,并对亚硫酸铵的氧化问题进行了研究。实验结果表明：进口烟气温度与脱硫效率成反比关系;吸收液pH值、吸收液浓度与脱硫效率成正比关系;吸收液pH值大于6.3、浓度大于1%时,氨逃逸随着二者的增大而增多...     

太阳能干燥污泥的中试研究

设计出一种以热水为干燥介质的整体式太阳能干燥的中试系统,主要研究不同厚度的剩余污泥在不同季节的干燥情况。试验结果表明:夏季湿污泥的含水率从88%降到40%需要6～14 d,w(VSS)/w(TSS)从79%降到69%;梅雨季节含水率从91%降到40%需要9～26 d,w(VSS)/w(TSS)从58%降到46%;春季含水率从88%降到40%需要7～17 d,w(VSS)/w(TSS)从79%降到57%;秋季含水率从88%降到40%需要7～19 d,w(VSS)/w(TSS)从53%降到49%。夏季时最不利干燥厚度为0.29 m,梅雨季节为0.53 m,春季为0.26 m,秋季为0.31 m;在此基础上,与常用的转盘式干燥器相比,这种太阳能干燥装置能收到很好的经济和环境效益。     

上海市区降水径流磷的负荷空间分布

选择城市降水径流，采用实地降水径流的样品、室内化学分析相结合的方法，研究了上海市区降水径流中营养元素P的负荷及其地区分布特征。研究结果表明，城市降水径流中P具有较高的含量水平，其DOP、DIP和TP的均值含量分别为0．136、0．177和0．313mg/L。从城市降水径流中P负荷的空间分布来看、除农业区P含量较低外，其他功能区P含量普遍较高，其中居住区TP含量最高，达0．487mg/L。此外，新老居住区P含量也存在明显差异，前者远小于后者。     

同时硝化与反硝化研究进展

同时硝化和反硝化工艺同传统的生物脱氮工艺相比，可以节约氧和碳源的耗量，大大降低设备运行费用，具有很大的发展前途。结合国内外研究，主要从生物、生物化学角度和微环境理论方面进行综述。对一些同时硝化反硝化新工艺进行了介绍。