Nitrogen footprints: Regional realities and options to reduce nitrogen loss to the environment

Ambio - Nitrogen (N) management presents a sustainability dilemma: N is strongly linked to energy and food production, but excess reactive N causes environmental pollution. The N footprint is an...     

SGA对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的固化性能研究简

根据EPA 1311、HJ/T 299-2007、HJ/T 300-2007和HJ 557-2009等国内外不同标准,研究了深圳某垃圾焚烧发电厂垃圾焚烧飞灰的浸出毒性,探讨了六硫代胍基甲酸（sixthio guanidine acid,SGA）、二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸盐（sodium dimethyl dithio carbamate,SDD）和Ca（OH）₂浓度对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的固定性能的影响。研究结果表明,随着浸提液pH的降低,该厂焚烧飞灰中大部分金属元素的浸出量增大,焚烧飞灰浸出液中的Cd、Ni、Pb和Zn浓度分别超过国家危险废物鉴别标准（GB5085.3-2007）规定值的4.75倍、1.47倍、6.72倍和2.20倍,属于危险废弃物,必须进行稳定化处理。当固化剂SGA加入量为0.1 mol/kg时,稳定化后的重金属浸出浓度已经低于危险废物鉴别标准,且对Cd、Cr、Cu和Pb的固化性能优于SDD和Ca（OH）₂;当固化剂SGA、SDD和Ca（OH）₂加入量为0.5 mol/kg时,稳定化后的焚烧飞灰重金属浸出浓度均低于国家危险废物鉴别标准（GB 5085.3-2007）中的规定值。与SDD和Ca（OH）₂相比,SGA对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的固化处理更具有优势。     

高藻水中新生态三价铁混凝行为及其对絮体生长的影响

通过阐释新生态三价铁活性高的机制从而提出混凝剂的连续投加方式对混凝除藻效果的促进作用。与高锰酸钾-铁混凝过程相比,高锰酸钾-亚铁混凝过程初期絮体粒径较小;但经过一段时间后,后者絮体粒径将明显大于前者。Mn(VII)投量为1.7μmol/L时,混凝进行到720 s之前高锰酸钾-亚铁混凝过程中絮体粒径均低于200μm,反应进行到990s时絮体粒径稳步增大到239μm。形成对比的是,高锰酸钾-铁混凝过程进行到720 s和990 s时絮体粒径分别为198μm和204μm。在混凝过程中,亚铁逐步转化生成新生态三价铁,相当于向系统中持续投加混凝剂。在混凝剂总量相同(197.4μmol/L)的情况下,分次连续投加Fe(III)比一次性投加Fe(III)所生成的絮体粒径要大32%。     

曝气扰动对泥水界面硝化-反硝化性能的影响

采用自制河道模拟装置,探讨了曝气扰动深度为10、15、25和35 cm时泥水界面硝化-反硝化的耦合性能,目的为曝气治理黑臭河道装置的优化实施和解决"氮超标"难题提供参考。结果表明,随扰动深度增加,泥水界面紊动程度呈现先下降后增加的趋势,其中泥水界面处扰动深度为10 cm时流态最激烈(Re为3 044),扰动深度为25 cm时流态最平缓(Re为1 713);与静止对照工况对比,曝气扰动促进了NH+4-N的硝化转化,4种曝气条件稳定时上覆水氨氮浓度都在0.50mg/L以下,表明曝气有利于对底泥释放氨氮的控制;复氧速率与硝化速率随扰动深度的增加而减小;从总氮的控制角度来看,曝气扰动深度为25 cm时最有利于硝化-反硝化作用的耦合,上覆水总氮削减率达到51.5%,泥水界面硝化率与反硝化率分别达到(41.6±3.1)%和(32.1±0.7)%。     

浓缩脱水污泥水混凝预处理效果及混凝剂的选择

以白龙港污水处理厂浓缩脱水污泥水为处理对象,考察了聚合氯化铝(PAC)对污泥水颗粒物沉降特性和污染物去除效果的影响,比较了PAC、聚合氯化铁(PFC)、阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺(cPAM)和阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺(aPAM)对浓缩脱水污泥水的预处理效果。实验结果表明,PAC的投加可以去除颗粒态污染物和溶解态的磷,但其形成絮体粒径随PAC投加量增大而减小,导致污泥沉降性能恶化。因此,PAC不适合浓缩脱水污泥水的混凝预处理。与PAC相比,投加PFC、cPAM和aPAM均能有效去除颗粒态污染物,并改善污泥水沉降性能,其中cPAM的预处理效果最佳。     

循环水养殖系统中流化床生物滤器净水效果影响因素

为优化流化床生物滤器的工作性能,采用新型填料玻璃珠作为滤器的基质,并将其应用于罗非鱼循环水养殖系统,研究了玻璃珠粒径、床层膨胀率、碱度和氨氮负荷4个可控因素对其处理养殖废水效果的影响。结果表明,流化床生物滤器挂膜23d后生物膜成熟稳定,当床层膨胀率低于160％时,床层增高和填料流失现象不明显。选用0．2～0．4mm粒径的玻璃珠为填料时,对TAN和NO2--N的去除率显著高于以0．4～0．6mm玻璃珠为填料的滤器;随着床层膨胀率的提高,滤器对TAN和NO2--N的去除率逐渐下降,但对TAN的去除负荷有一定的提高;碱度和TAN负荷的增加有利于滤器的硝化作用。流化床生物滤器对养殖水体中的TAN的平均去除负荷和NO2--N的去除率分别可以达到（673．11±23．26）g／（m3·d）和（90．24±3．45）％,显示出较好的硝化性能。     

硅胶固载季鏻离子液体对CO_2的吸附

采用嫁接法制备了硅胶固载季鏻双三氟甲烷磺酰亚胺盐离子液体,并将其用于对CO2的吸附,考察了吸附剂的吸附等温线及循环使用性,并运用均相表面扩散模型(HSDM)研究了吸附动力学。采用FTIR和TG等技术对试样进行了表征。表征结果显示:离子液体已成功固载到硅胶上;煅烧活化硅胶对季鏻离子液体(C-Si O2-P4T)的固载量为5.39%(w);固载试样基本保持了硅胶的孔道特征。实验结果表明:C-Si O2-P4T具有较高的CO2平衡吸附量,且能显著提高CO2/N2吸附选择性,循环使用6次仍保持良好的吸附能力;HSDM可较好地拟合CO2在C-Si O2-P4T内的扩散行为,40℃下的扩散系数在10-7 m2/s数量级,与硅胶同级,优于纯季鏻离子液体。     

Brownfield Sites Remediation Technology Overview,Trends, and Opportunities in China

Over decades of economic development, China's industrialization has led to significant environmental issues due to unregulated discharges into air, water, and soil. As cities continue to expand (i.e., urbanization trend) and awareness/concerns about environmental pollution rises, many industrial facilities along the edge of or within the city boundaries have been relocated or closed. This urbanization trend leaves behind idled and abandoned land that is contaminated from the former industrial activities and unregulated discharges. China released its first nationwide soil quality survey in April 2014, and the survey suggests that soil conditions in China represent a significant challenge. China has encouraged local engineering firms to demonstrate soil treatment technologies through pilot‐scale studies, but the outcomes of many demonstrations have not been promising due to the lack of remediation experience and underdeveloped technical guidelines that are needed to guide the remediation processes. During the past decade, some local soil remediation experience has been established, but it is limited for certain technologies that address their primary contaminants of concern: heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. In 2014, national technical guidelines were published regarding environmental investigation, risk assessment, monitoring, and remediation; however, regulations and funding systems are still underdeveloped. Thus, the remediation processes that should maximize economic and environmental benefits are not streamlined. This article provides an overview of the latest regulatory developments, remediation technologies applied, technology trends, and market opportunities in China. The provided information aims to allow international remediation practitioners to better understand and appreciate this unique and emerging remediation market, which is growing fast, and to highlight the importance of developing a sustainable model that not only provides for cleanup of the environment but also supports economic development. ©2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The addition of modified attapulgite reduces the emission of nitrous oxide and ammonia from aerobically composted chicken manure

The acceleration of the composting process and the improvement of compost quality have been explored by evaluating the efficacy of various additives, inoculating with specific microorganisms and the application of various biosurfactants. The magnesium-aluminum silicate attapulgite is a low-cost potential composting additive, but its effects on aerobic composting are unknown. This study investigated the effects of attapulgite application on compost production and quality during the aerobic composting of chicken manure. Addition of attapulgite significantly increased the temperature (p < 0.05) while it reduced compost total organic carbon (TOC) and seed germination indices (GIs) throughout the process. Its addition enhanced nitrate concentrations, promoted organic matter degradation, increased seed germination indices, and accelerated the composting process. Interestingly, attapulgite addition did not increase the population of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. These results suggest that attapulgite is a good additive for the composting industry.

Implications: We investigated the addition of two forms of attapulgite during aerobic composting of chicken manure to determine their effects under strict composting environmental parameter control. Our results provides primary evidence that attapulgite may have potential for application in the composting industry.

All treatments showed no increase within the first 15 days. However, emissions increased for all treatments within 15–45 days, reaching approximately 6300, 2000, and 4000 mg/m² from the control, artifactitious attapulgite, and raw attapulgite treatments, respectively.     

昆明主城区城市地表径流污染特征分析

昆明市位于滇池上游,城市地表径流污染负荷对滇池水质具有直接影响。通过对昆明主城区内不同功能区12个监测点7次降雨径流过程水样的采集与分析,研究了昆明主城区城市地表径流污染特征。结果表明,昆明主城区城市地表径流中TSS、COD、TN和TP的多场降雨平均浓度分别为182.8、138.2、2.37和0.43 mg/L。不同功能区的地表径流水质存在显著差异(p<0.05);各功能区径流污染负荷顺序为:公路区>商业区>住宅区>文教区;不同功能区单场降雨径流水质动态变化规律是:污染物浓度在降雨径流初期相对较高,中后期浓度快速下降,并逐渐趋于稳定;地表利用功能、降雨特征和交通流量是影响城市地表径流水质的主要因素;城市地表径流中COD、TN、TP与TSS之间有较好的相关性,说明大部分的污染物质是以颗粒吸附态存在。