Fluorescence spectroscopic studies of natural organic matter fractions

Because of the well-known molecular complexity and heterogeneity of natural organic matter (NOM), an aquatic bulk NOM was fractionated into well-defined polyphenolic-rich and carbohydrate-rich subfractions. These fractions were systematically characterized by fluorescence emission, three dimensional excitation-emission matrices, and synchronous-scan excitation spectroscopy in comparison with those of the reference International Humic Substances Society soil humic acid and Suwannee River fulvic acid. Results indicate that fluorescence spectroscopy can be useful to qualitatively differentiate not only NOM compounds from varying origins but also NOM subcomponents with varying compositions and functional properties. The polyphenolic-rich NOM-PP fraction exhibited a much more intense fluorescence and a red shift of peak position in comparison with the carbohydrate-rich NOM-CH fraction. Results also indicate that synchronous excitation spectra were able to provide improved peak resolution and structural signatures such as peak positioning, shift, and intensity among various NOM components as compared with those of the emission and excitation spectra. In particular, the synchronous spectral peak intensity and its red shift in the region of about 450-480 nm may be used to indicate the presence or absence of high molecular weight and polycondensed humic organic components, or the multicomponent nature of NOM or NOM subcomponents.     

尿素和添加剂湿法烟气同时脱硫脱氮工艺研究(Ι)

对尿素和添加剂同时吸收烟气中 SO2 和 NOx 进行了实验研究。结果表明 ,烟气中 SO2 极易脱除 ,在实验条件下 SO2 脱除率均大于 99%,操作工艺条件变化主要是影响 NOx脱除率。尿素和添加剂质量分数对 NOx 脱除率影响较小 ,NOx脱除率随尿素和添加剂质量分数的增加而缓慢增加 ;吸收剂 p H和吸收反应温度对 NOx脱除率有显著影响 ,最佳 p H为 7,最佳反应温度为 70～80℃。     

Competition between alga (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), humic substances and EDTA for Cd and Zn control in the algal assay procedure (AAP) medium

The chemical speciation of trace metals in natural waters has important implications for their biogeochemical behavior. Trace metals are present in natural waters as dissolved species and associated with colloids and particles. The complexation of one trace metal (Cd and Zn at 200 and 390 microg/l respectively) with a green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata in colloid-free algal culture medium and in presence of colloidal humic substances (HS) is presented. The influence of the nature of colloids was also addressed using three "standard" HS: fulvic acid (FA) and, soil (SHA) and peat humic acids (PHA). The chemical speciation model, MINTEQA2, was used to simulate the influence of pH and standardized culture medium on metal association with humic substances. The model was successfully modified to consider the differences in the metal complexation with fulvic (FA) and humic acids (HA). The deviations of concentrations of metals associated with HS between experimental results and model predictions were within a factor of approximately 2. The results of speciation model highlight the influence of the experimental conditions (pH, EDTA) used for alga bioassay on the behavior of Cd and Zn. The computed speciation suggests working with a pH buffered/EDTA-free mixture to avoid undesirable competition effects. The behavior of Cd and Zn in solution is more strongly influenced by HS than by alga. Metal-HS associations depend on metal and humic substance nature and concentration. Cd is complexed to a higher extent than Zn, in particular at larger HS concentration, and the complexation strength is in the order FA相似文献   

高浓度复合型聚铁硅絮凝剂PFSS和PSFS的形态分布研究

采用紫外分光光度法、逐时络合比色法和红外图谱从不同角度对高浓度聚合硫酸铁硅和聚合硅酸铁的形态分布及转化规律进行了探讨。紫外吸收表明，聚铁硅絮凝剂中主要以Fe（OH）2^＋、Fe2（OH）2^4＋等二聚体为主，而且还有三聚体或其他聚合形态的存在；逐时络合分析显示，复合型聚铁硅体系中硅形态以Si（c）为主，铁形态以Fe（a）和Fe（c）为主；红外图谱证实高浓度聚铁硅是以羟桥为主结构连接的高分子复合物，在1100cm^-1附近M-OH-M的振动证明有铁羟基及其聚合态存在，且其形态区别于PFS。     

Bioleaching of heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge using FeS2 as an energy source

The effect of using FeS2 as an energy source, on the bioleaching of heavy metals (Zn, Cr, Cu, Pb and Ni) and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) from anaerobically digested sludge using isolated indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria was investigated in this paper. Addition of FeS2 in the range of 0.5-4.0 g l(-1) accelerated the acidification of sludge and raised the oxidation-reduction potential of sludge medium with an inoculation of 15% (v/v) of active bacteria, thus resulting in an overall increase in metal dissolution efficiency. After 16 days of bioleaching at 28 degrees C and an initial pH of 3.0, up to 99% of Zn, 65% of Cr, 74% of Cu, 58% of Pb and 84% of Ni can be removed from the sludge. In contrast, only 94% of Zn, 12% of Cr, 21% of Cu, 32% of Pb and 38% of Ni were leached out in the control without inoculation of iron-oxidizing bacteria and the addition of FeS2. Less than 15% of nitrogen and 6% of phosphorous were lost after 16 days of bioleaching when using FeS2 as the energy source. Comparing to 39% and 45% loss respectively for these two nutrients when using FeSO4.7H2O as the energy source, FeS2 appears to be a more suitable energy source for preserving nutrients in sludge while removing heavy metals from sludge.     

Nitrifying community analysis in a single submerged attached-growth bioreactor for treatment of high-ammonia waste stream.

This study investigated the nitrifying community structure in a single-stage submerged attached-growth bioreactor (SAGB) that successfully achieved stable nitrogen removal over nitrite of a high-strength ammonia wastewater. The reactor was operated with intermittent aeration and external carbon addition (methanol). With influent ammonia and total Kjeldahl nitrogen ranging from 537 to 968 mg/L and 643 to 1510 mg/L, respectively, 85% nitrogen removal was obtained, and effluent was dominated by nitrite (NO2-/NOx > 0.95). Nitrifying community analysis using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), with a hierarchical set of probes targeting known ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) within beta-proteobacteria, showed that the AOB community of the biofilter consists almost entirely of members of the Nitrosomonas europaea/eutropha and the Nitrosococcus mobilis lineages. Image analysis of FISH pictures was used to quantify the identified AOB, and it was estimated that Nitrosomonas europaea/eutropha-like AOB accounted for 4.3% of the total volume of the biofilm, while Nitrosococcus mobilis-like AOB made up 1.2%; these numbers summed up to a total AOB fraction of 5.5% of the total volume on the biofilm. Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) were not detectable in the biofilm samples with probes for either Nitrospira sp. or Nitrobacter sp., which indicated that NOB were either absent from the biofilters or present in numbers below the detection limit of FISH (< 0.1% of the total biofilm). Nitrite oxidizers were likely outcompeted from the system because of the free ammonia inhibition and the possibility that the aeration period (from intermittent aeration) was not sufficiently long for the NOB to be released from the competition for oxygen with heterotrophs and AOB. The nitrogen removal via nitrite in a SAGB reactor described in this study is applicable for high-ammonia-strength wastewater treatment, such as centrate or industrial wastes.     

Decolorization of dyes and textile wastewater by potassium permanganate

Decolorization of 10 types of dye solutions by potassium permanganate was studied. Effects of reaction conditions on the decolorization efficiency were examined in batch experiments. The pH value had a significant effect on the decolorization efficiency. When pH value <1.5, the decolorization efficiency was very high. When pH value >4.0, the dye solutions were almost not decolorized. Concentration of potassium permanganate and temperature also showed significant effects on the decolorization efficiency. The decolorization rate of dye solutions by potassium permanganate was rapid, and most of dye solutions can be decolorized effectively. The results of total organic carbon indicated that dye solutions were degraded incompletely by potassium permanganate. The results of treatment of textile wastewater by potassium permanganate indicated that the oxidation with potassium permanganate might be used as a pre-treatment process before biological treatment.     

亚甲基蓝溶液的光催化脱色及降解

以高压汞灯为光源,在自ＴｉＯ２纳米粉末悬浮体系内,以在蓝溶液光催化降解脱色反应为模型,研究了其脱色降解动力学及其影响因素。研究表明,亚甲基蓝光催化反应动力学常数为４．５３μｍｏｌ／Ｌ．ｍｉｎ．吸附常数为３３．５５Ｌ／ｍｍｏｌ;随着ｐＨ值的上升以及Ｈ２Ｏ２的加入,其脱色降解速率加快。     

Hygroscopic properties of sodium and potassium salts as related to saline mineral dusts and sea salt aerosols

Mineral dust, soil, and sea salt aerosols are among the most abundant primary inorganic aerosols in the atmosphere, and their hygroscopicity affects the hydrological cycle and global climate. We investigated the hygroscopic behaviors of six Na- and K-containing salts commonly found in those primary organic aerosols. Their hygroscopic growths as a function of relative humidity (RH) agree well with thermodynamic model prediction. Temperature dependence of deliquescence RH (DRH) values for five of those salts was also investigated, which are comparable to those in literature within 1%–2% RH, most showing negative dependence on temperature. Hygroscopic growth curves of real-world soil and sea salt samples were also measured. The hygroscopic growths of two more-hydroscopic saline soil samples and of sea salt can be predicted by the thermodynamic model based on the measured water-soluble ionic composition. The substantial amounts of water-soluble ions, including Na⁺ and K⁺, in saline soil samples imply that even nascent saline soil samples are quite hygroscopic at high-RH (>80%) conditions. For three less-hygroscopic dust samples, however, measurements showed higher water uptake ability than that predicted by the thermodynamic model. The small amount of water taken up by less-hygroscopic dust samples suggests that dust particles might contain thin layers of water even to very low RH. The results of this study provide a comprehensive characterization of the hygroscopicity of Na- and K-containing salts as related to their roles in the hygroscopic behaviors of saline mineral dusts and sea salt aerosols.     

Analysis of air quality characteristics of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei and its surrounding air pollution transport channel cities in China

Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei(BTH) and its surrounding areas are very important to air pollution control in China.To analyze the characteristics of BTH and its surrounding areas of China,we collected 5,641,440 air quality data from 161 air monitoring stations and 37,123,000 continuous monitoring data from air polluting enterprises in BTH and surrounding cities to establish an indicator system for urban air quality portraits.The results showed that particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters of 2.5 μm(PM_(2.5)),particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters of 10 μm(PM_(10)) and SO_2 improved significantly in 31 cities from2015 to 2018,but ozone deteriorated.Air quality in BTH and the surrounding areas showed obvious seasonal characteristics,among which PM_(2.5),PM_(10),SO_2,and NO_2 showed a "U" type distribution from January to December,while O_3 had an "inverted U" distribution.The hourly changes in air quality revealed that peaks of PM_(2.5),PM_(10) and NO_2 appeared from 8:00 to 10:00,while those for O_3 appeared at 15:00–16:00.The exposure characteristics of the 31 cities showed that six districts in Beijing had the highest air quality population exposure,and that exposure levels in Zhengzhou,Puyang,Anyang,Jincheng were higher than the average of the 31 investigated cities.Additionally,multiple linear regression revealed a negative correlation between meteorological factors(especially wind and precipitation) and air quality,while a positive correlation existed between industrial pollution emissions and air quality in most of BTH and its surrounding cities.