原子吸收法测定土壤中金属元素时空白值的降低方法

对采用硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解体系消解土壤,原子吸收法测定铜、锌、铅、镉、镍时空白值不同程度升高的原因进行了详细的分析,通过采用器皿的认真清洗,防止消解过程中的尘埃污染,选用高纯水和优级纯消解试剂,注意氢氟酸的准确加入方法以及消解过程中赶酸完全等改进措施,有效降低了空白试验值,提高了土壤中金属元素测定的精密度和准确度,满足了监测方法的需要。     

珠江广州段水体微表层与次表层中多环芳烃的分布与组成

2009年3月对珠江广州段微表层与次表层水中多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布与组成进行了研究.结果表明,珠江广州段微表层和次表层水中16种溶解态PAHs浓度为622.0～2132.2ng·L-1,与DOC存在正相关关系;颗粒态为316.7～639.5ng·L-1,与颗粒物浓度存在明显的线性相关;PAHs的组成以2～3环为主,溶解态中2～3环PAHs占总量的86.0%～95.7%,明显高于颗粒态中2～3环PAHs占总量的(68.8%～84.0%)百分比,PAHs的辛醇-水分配系数及其物理化学性质是造成这一差异的主要原因;微表层对PAHs有一定的富集作用,富集因数EF在1.1～1.5之间(溶解态1.2～1.5,颗粒态1.1～1.3).     

燃气系统漏损事故定性定量分析

以某城市的燃气事故为依据,结合各地的经验,对燃气系统漏损事故进行定性定量的统计分析。     

Evaluation of the infectivity, gene and antigenicity persistence of rotaviruses by free chlorine disinfection

The effects of free chlorine disinfection of tap water and wastewater effluents on the infectivity, gene integrity and surface antigens of rotaviruses were evaluated by a bench-scale chlorine disinfection experiments. Plaque assays, integrated cell culture-quantitative RT-PCR (ICC-RT-qPCR), RT-qPCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), respectively, were used to assess the influence of the disinfectant on virus infectivity as well as genetic and antigenic integrity of simian rotavirus SA11 as a surrogate for human rotaviruses. The ICC-RT-qPCR was able to detect rotaviruses survival from chlorine disinfection at chlorine dose up to 20 mg/L (60 min contact), which suggested a required chlorine dose of 5 folds (from 1 to 5 mg/L) higher than that indicated by the plaque assay to achieve 1.8 log₁₀ reductions in tap water with 60 min exposing. The VP7 gene was more resistant than the infectivity and existed at chlorine dose up to 20 mg/L (60 min contact), while the antigencity was undetectable with chlorine dose more than 5 mg/L (60 min contact). The water quality also impacted the inactivation efficiencies, and rotaviruses have a relatively higher resistant in secondary effluents than in the tap water under the same chlorine disinfection treatments. This study indicated that rotaviruses have a higher infectivity, gene and antigencity resistance to chlorine than that previously indicated by plaque assay only, which seemed to underestimate the resistance of rotaviruses to chlorine and the risk of rotaviruses in environments. Present results also suggested that re-evaluation of resistance of other waterborne viruses after disinfections by more sensitive infectivity detection method (such as ICC-RT-qPCR) may be necessary, to determine the adequate disinfectant doses required for the inactivation of waterborne viruses.     

Direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase and biosensing for glucose based on DNA/chitosan film

Glucose oxidase (GOD) is widely used in the glucose biosensor industry. The amperometric biosensors based on directly electron transfer (DET) between an electrode and immobilized GOD are especially promising. In this article, GOD was immobilized with a DNA/chitosan bio-material film on GC electrode, and the DET of GOD on DNA/chitosan was studied. The cyclic voltammetric results indicated that the GOD immobilized in the DNA/chitosan film underwent DET reaction, and the cyclic voltammogram displayed a pair of well-defined redox peaks with a formal potential of ?0.45 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) at pH 5.5. The response showed a surface-controlled electrode process with an electron transfer rate constant of 0.91 sec^?1 determined in the scan rate range from 10 to 100 mV/sec. The GOD immobilized in DNA/chitosan membrane retained its biocatalytic activity and stability. The immobilized GOD could electrocatalyze the reduction of dissolved oxygen and resulted in a great increase of the reduction peak current. Upon the addition of glucose, the reduction peak current decreased, which could be used for glucose detection with a sensitivity of 0.48 μA/(mmol/L), a linear range from 0.04 to 2.28 mmol/L and a detection limit of 0.04 mmol/L at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The sensor could exclude the interference of commonly coexisted uricacid and ascorbic acid.     

EDTA滴定法测定水中总硬度时缓冲溶液配制的改进

针对EDTA滴定法测定水中总硬度(简称标准法)时,缓冲溶液配制繁琐,耗时较长的情况,提出了对缓冲溶液配制的改进方法(简称改进法)。改进法很好地克服了标准法的不足。通过地表水、地下水以及总硬度标准样品的比对测定,两者的测定结果无显著差异。     

南京市市区1998-2009年间房屋拆迁建筑垃圾年产生量估算及其影响因素分析

参考了前人对于拆迁建筑垃圾的研究,根据南京市相关统计数据,估算出1998-2009年间南京城市房屋拆迁建筑垃圾年产生量,并比较了相关数据,得出估值合理。估算结果显示南京市房屋拆迁建筑垃圾年产生量波动较大,但变化趋势大体为上升。影响因素分析显示南京市GDP与房屋拆迁建筑垃圾年产生量1998-2003年间具有高度正相关性,2004-2009年正相关性减弱;市民法律意识的提高使得南京市房屋拆迁趋于合理,间接减缓了房屋拆迁建筑垃圾年产生量的增长趋势;房屋拆迁政策的制定以及修订、社会事件对南京市房屋拆迁建筑垃圾年产生量有短期的影响。最终得出结论随着城市房屋拆迁决策系统的发展,南京市房屋拆迁建筑垃圾产生量将趋于合理。     

Cationic content effects of biodegradable amphoteric chitosan-based flocculants on the flocculation properties

A series of biodegradable amphoteric chitosan-based flocculants (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTA) modified carboxymethyl chitosan, denoted as CMC-CTA) with different substitution degrees of CTA were prepared successfully. The content of carboxymethyl groups in each CMC-CTA sample was kept almost constant. The solubility of the various flocculants showed that, higher cationic content of flocculants caused a better solubility. The flocculation experiments using kaolin suspension as synthetic water at the laboratory scale indicated that the substitution degree of CTA was one of the key factors for the flocculation properties. With the increase of cationic content, the flocculants were demonstrated better flocculation performance and lower dosage requirement. Flocculation kinetics model of particles collisions combining zeta potential and turbidity measurements was employed to investigate the effects of the cationic content of the flocculants on the flocculation properties from the viewpoint of flocculation mechanism in detail. Furthermore, flocculation performance using raw water from Zhenjiang part of Yangtze River at the pilot scale showed the similar effects to those at the laboratory scale.     

Dissolved methane in anaerobic effluent: Emission or recovery?

Various anaerobic processes have been explored for the energy-efficient treatment of municipal wastewater. However, dissolved methane in anaerobic effluent appears to be a barrier towards the energy and carbon neutrality of wastewater treatment. Although several dissolved methane recovery methods have been developed, their engineering feasibility and economic viability have not yet been assessed in a holistic manner. In this perspective, we thus intend to offer additional insights into the cost-benefit of dissolved methane recovery against its emission.